1. Weed Control Topic 2044 Mr. Christensen

2. Typical Michigan Weed Seed Production Weed seeds/plant weed density crop Velvetleaf 400-1,500 90 corn Giant foxtail 2,500 100 corn Common Lambsquarters 57,000 8 soybean

4. Integrated Pest Management Integrated pest management--is the use of all appropriate and economical strategies to manage pests and their damage to acceptable levels with the least disruption to the environment.

5. Integrated Pest Management Determine goals Pest Monitoring-what kind, how many- timing Pest Identification and threshold/action levels Control strategies available, implementation and evaluation of success or failure Record keeping

6. Techniques Used in Pest Management Natural controls-climate, natural enemies, geographic barriers, food and water supply and shelter Applied Controls-Host resistance, biological control, cultural control, mechanical control, habitat modification and sanitation and chemical control

7. Methods of Weed Control Cover crops—weeds don’t have a space to grow. Crop rotation—The more diverse the rotation the less opportunity there is for weed population to grow. Tillage—No till leaves weed seeds on or near the soil surface, seeds in the germination zone decrease.

8. Methods of Weed Control Planting date—Weed competitiveness can change with planting date. Crop plant population and row spacing-Heavier planting limits light for weed germination. Rotary Hoeing—Removes small weeds and lets the crop get a head start. Cultivation—Do not cultivate if weeds are not a problem or aeration is not needed it can cause weed seeds to be brought into the germination zone.

9. Cultivation

10. Chemical Controls Algaecide-Algae Biocide-Microbial Org. Fungicide-Fungi Insecticide-Insects & Related animals Herbicide-Weeds Miticide-Mites Nematicides-Nematodes Rodenticide-Rodents Avicide-Birds Piscicide-Fish Molluscicide- Slugs/snails Ovicide-Eggs of organisms Predacide-Vertebrates

11. Other Chemical Controls Growth regulator-modifies plant or insect development Defoliant-removes plant foliage Desiccant-dries plant foliage Repellent-diverts a pest Attractant-lures a pest Pheromone-attract pest or disrupt behavior Sterilan-renders pest unable to reproduce

12. Pesticide Protectants Sterilants Selective Nonselective Broad-Spectrum Contact Systemic Persistent Nonpersistent

13. Pesticide Categories Non-Selective—Kills or adversely affects many organisms (Glyphosate) Selective—Effective against one type of organism and not another. Broad-Spectrum—Pesticides that control a wide range of pests (multiuse). Contact—Kill or adversely affect the target organisms by simple contact.

14. Pesticide Categories Systemic—Absorbed by one part of an organism and distributed internally to other parts of the organism for action (heartworm control in dogs) Persistent—Remain active for a period of time giving residual protection. Non-persistent—Control pests at time of application and breakdown quickly.

15. Pesticide Categories Protectants—Pesticide applied to prevent pest establishment. Sterilants—Pesticide that manage pests by rendering them incapable of normal reproduction.

16. Chemical Weed Control Modes of Action Growth Regulators—Banvel, Stinger, 2,4-D (Amine and Ester) Amino Acid Synthesis inhibitors (ALS synthase enzyme)—Accent, Broadstrike, Harmony, Pursuit. Amino Acid Synthesis (EPSP synthase enzyme) inhibitors—Glyphosate (Honcho, Ranger, Roundup)

17. Chemical Weed Control Modes of Action Lipid (Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme) inhibitors—Assure II, Fusion, Poast, Whip Seedling root (tubulin protein) inhibitors— Balan, Prowl, Sonolan, Treflan Seedling Shoot inhibitors—Arena, Dual, Eptam, Lasso, Surpass, Frontier

18. Chemical Weed Control Modes of Action Photosynthesis (D-1 Quinone-binding protein) inhibitors—Atrazine, Basagram, Bladex, Buctril, Spike. Membrane disrupters—Avenge, Cyclone, Gramoxone Extra, Cobra, Reflex, Blazer Pigment inhibitors—Command, Zorial

19. Why are their so many Modes of action? What advantages do they give the grower.

20. Some are effective against different weeds. Timing of the pest problem may dictate what can be used (pre-emergence, post emergence) Some last a long time and cause safety problems with the fruit or following crops Using the same chemicals may develop resistance in the pest

21. Developing Resistant Pests From Michigan Field Crop Pest Ecology and Management-Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2704

22. Glyphosate Resistant Weeds Lambsquarters Black nightshade Waterhemp Yellow nutsedge Velvetleaf Common Ragweed Successful Farming February 2004 Marestail