1. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology The Effect of Turbulence on Cloud Microstructure, Precipitation Formation and the Organisation of Stratocumulus and Shallow Cumulus Convection Charmaine Franklin 11 June 2009 www.cawcr.gov.au

2. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Motivation Marine boundary layer clouds cover vast areas of the globe and their feedbacks on climate are a leading order uncertainty in GCMs Autoconversion of cloud droplets to rain is one key process that determines precipitation and cloud cover Changing autoconversion schemes in GCMs can reduce the globally averaged second indirect aerosol affect by 60% droplet radius collision- coalescence growth condensation growth time Theoretical growth times of cloud droplets are too slow to describe observed onset of precipitation Turbulence has long been recognised to affect autoconversion & reduces the growth time of rain drops in simple models What are the effects in full physics models?

3. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Effect of turbulence on cloud droplet collisions droplet radius  m Turbulence increases the collision rate by up to 3 times dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy 100 cm 2 s -3 1000 cm 2 s -3 1500 cm 2 s -3 500 cm 2 s -3 DNS results of the turbulent collision kernel/non-turbulent collision kernel For details see Franklin 2008 JAS

4. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Stochastic collection equation results gravity1% 100 cm 2 s -3 21% 500 cm 2 s -3 41% 1000 cm 2 s -3 52% 1500 cm 2 s -3 58% Percentage of mass contained in drop sizes > 40  m radius after 20 minutes lwc 1 g m -3 no. conc 240 cm -3 dispersion 0.5 mean vol radius ~ 10  m gravity 100 500 1000 1500 Temporal evolution of the mass weighted mean radius 0 20 min

5. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology UCLA LES Developed by Bjorn Stevens Cloud water mass is defined implicitly through  l and total condensate Cloud droplet number concentration is fixed Cloud droplet sedimentation included Double moment warm rain microphysics parameterisations of Franklin (JAS 2008) implemented in the model: one suite that considers the effects of turbulence on droplet collisions one suite that does not include turbulence effects non-turbulent autoconversion rate turbulent autoconversion rate equations for accretion and self collection as well

6. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Shallow cumulus convection – RICO case Domain 19.2 x 19.2 x 5 km Resolution 100m horizontal, 40m vertical Variable timestep, typically 1.6 s Initial & boundary conditions are from GCSS intercomparison case study Observed cloud droplet number 70 cm -3 Simulation length 24 hours Statistics collected over last 4 hours Clouds have tops around 2.5 km, bases at 600 m, horizontal extent of 1-2 km Large cloud area with TKE dissipation rates > 100 cm 2 s -3, significant areas > 1500 cm 2 s -3

7. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Shallow cumulus convection – liquid water Including turbulence effects on microphysical processes significantly increases rain water Reduced Nc gives close to turb rain amount Cloud fraction fairly insensitive to microphysics changes for 70 cm -3, compared to reduced Nc more rain = more cloud Largest liquid water increases in clouds at heights above 2500 m, mostly from rain water

8. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Larger rain water amounts leads to increased evaporation within cloud TKE in cloud reduced but enhanced in subcloud layer evaporation below cloud increases horizontal variability and TKE increased rain = net latent heating, reduced entrainment and buoyancy production of TKE Shallow cumulus convection – TKE

9. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology More precip in turb reduces buoyancy and entrainment within the cloud layer Turb case has lower variance in cloud, but updrafts stronger in upper region of cloud Increased precip enhances cumulus-type motions, more positively skewed vertical velocity Shallow cumulus convection – buoyancy

10. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Aerosol effects – shallow cumulus cloud properties at different cloud droplet concentrations At lowest CDNC turb case has more variability with significantly larger LWP Similar relationships at Nc = 70 and 100, with turb tending to have larger LWP and lower cfrac At Nc=200 the opposite occurs with turb having lower LWP and higher cfrac

11. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Aerosol effects – shallow cumulus cloud properties at different cloud droplet concentrations As CDNC increases, LWP of turb case decreases but not so for non-turb For same TKE, turb produces greater LWP for all Nc values For a fixed LWP as CDNC increases the TKE increases Higher correlations for turb cases ~0.9 compared to 0.85

12. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Domain 6.6 x 6.6 x 2 km Resolution: horizontal 50 m, vertical 5 m at surface & inversion – 80 m at top Initial & boundary conditions are from GCSS intercomparison case study Observed cloud droplet number 55 cm -3 Simulation length 6 hours Statistics collected over last 4 hours Nocturnal stratocumulus case under dry inversion with embedded pockets of heavy drizzling open cellular convection Small regions of dissipation rate of TKE >100 cm 2 s -3 at cloud top Stratocumulus – DYCOMS II case

13. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Stratocumulus – DYCOMS II case Turbulence effects on microphysics increases the precipitation flux Greater amounts of rainwater increases evaporation below cloud base in turb case Enhanced evaporation leads to stronger circulations and greater variability & TKE More precipitation results in more well mixed BL in agreement with observations

14. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Aerosol effects – stratocumulus cloud properties at different cloud droplet concentrations As CDNC increases, cloud fraction increases and rain water path decreases Agrees with conceptual model that greater aerosol loading suppresses precip formation and leads to larger cloud fractions Cloud bases increase with aerosol loading – effect of precip on thermodynamics of subcloud air

15. The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Conclusions Including effect of turbulence on droplet collision rates makes a significant change to rain water produced by the cloud and subsequently to the organisation of the cloud Shallow cumulus case showed that enhanced precipitation generation results in less entrainment and reduced buoyancy driven TKE in cloud but greater TKE in subcloud layer due to increased evaporation When turbulence effects included less of a need to reduce CDNC to obtain observed precipitation rates Stratocumulus case compared more favourably with observations in that turbulent enhanced precipitation amounts produced stronger circulations and TKE – positive feedback on precipitation Preferred location for enhanced precip efficiency may make difference Effect of turbulence is to partly offset the aerosol indirect effects by increasing the precipitation efficiency

16. Thank you The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology Charmaine Franklin Phone: +61 3 9239 4559 Email: charmaine.franklin@csiro.au Web: www.cawcr.gov.au Thank you www.cawcr.gov.au