1. The American Football Helmet and Concussions John Krauss

2. Football accounts for the most sports-related concussions in the United States. The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) Overview Ruling Change in 1975 prohibiting players from leading with their heads.

3. F = m Striking a Striking +FN F = m Struck a Struck Forces At Work SI = ∫ a(t)2.5dt * The resulting SI score has to be below 1200 in order for a helmet to pass the safety test.

4. Concussions * One of the dangers associated with concussions is that after receiving one, a player is more susceptible to further trauma for up to 14 days. * Tendency of concussions to show no pathological changes on standard MRI and CT scans. * After the initial trauma, there is a marked decrease in blood to the affected area of the brain. * Multiple traumatic brain injuries can lead to severe long term health effects and can become fatal * Two areas of the brain that show susceptibility to trauma are the frontal and temporal lobes.

5. Sources CONCUSSION IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL: RECONSTRUCTION OF GAME IMPACTS AND INJURIES:Elliot J. Pellman, M.D. David C. Viano, Dr. med.,Ph.D. Andrew M. Tucker, M.D. Ira R. Casson, M.D. Joe F. Waeckerle, M.D. Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304-2952. 2003 ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTION OF HEAD INJURY IN FOOTBALL Michael L. Levy, M.D., Burak M Ozgur, M.D, Cherisse Berry, B.S, Henry E. Aryan, M.D, Michael L.J. Apuzzo, M.D, February 23, 2004. Neurosurgery 55:649-655, 2004 Birth and Evolution of the Football helmet: Michael L. Levy, M.D., Burak M Ozgur, M.D, Cherisse Berry, B.S, Henry E. Aryan, M.D, Michael L.J. Apuzzo, M.D, February 23, 2004. VOLUME 55 | NUMBER 3 | SEPTEMBER 2004 www.neurosurgery- online.com Concussion In Professional Football: Biomechanics of Struck Player, David Viano, M.D, Ph.D, Ira Casson, M.D., Elliot Pellman, M.D. VOLUME 61 | NUMBER 2 | AUGUST 2007 www.neurosurgery- online.com