1. Chapter Outline Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present I. The African Environment II. African Cultural Patterns III. Peopling of Africa IV. The Bantu Dispersion V. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa VI. Empires of the Western Sudan VII. West African Forest Kingdoms VIII. Swahili City-States in East Africa IX. Kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa

2. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. The African Environment A. Physical Environment Savanna B. Cultivation Patterns shifting cultivation, clear land, use, move on Bush fallow lets field rest, restores fertility Intercropping, growing complementary plants Rain forest areas: root crops (yams, cassava) Savanna (grasslands): cereals (sorghum, millet )

3. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. African Cultural Patterns A. Family, Gender Roles bride wealth polygyny Lineage, Women often rulers Queen mothers could represent lineages B. Land — held in trust by community C. Religion Some more complex Yoruba four levels of spiritual beings Oludumare — pinnacle Subordinate gods Priests Ancestors — Shango D. Arts Cire perdue (“lost wax”)

4. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. The Peopling of Africa A. Agriculture Ethiopian grasslands, 3000 B.C.E. teff, finger millet, noog (oil plant), sesame, mustard, forests, ensete (bananalike plant), coffee After 1000 B.C.E., wheat, barley imported Central Sudan, 4000 B.C.E., sorghum, millet, rice, cowpeas, root crops West African savanna introduced cattle, sheep, goats, pigs West African Forests B. Iron Technology Egypt, Nubia by 6,000 B.C.E., Meroë Nok (central Nigeria), 700–400 B.C.E.

5. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. Bantu Dispersion Bantu (“people”) languages: Niger-Congo A. Origins Cameroon movement out from 3000 B.C.E. why? South to Angola, Namibia East to Lake Victoria, south to Congo, Zambia B. Interactions bananas and yams from Malaysia, Polynesia, via Madagascar intermarried with hunter-gatherers

6. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa A. Early Contacts Egyptian traders to Ethiopia (“Land of Punt”) from Fifth Dynasty (c. 2494–2345 B.C.E.) frankincense myrrh aromatic herbs ebony ivory gold wild animals Saba’ (Yemen) traders to Eritrean coast from 800 B.C.E. Ge’ez develops > Kingdom of Da’amat, ivory trade

7. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa B. Aksum Red Sea trade, from 4th century ties with Egypt, Roman Empire, Sri Lanka Exports: ivory, tortoise shells, rhinoceros horns, slaves Imports: cloth, glassware, wine Aksum Adulis Meroë Coinage Christianity, by 4th century King Ezana (320–350) Frumentius and Aedisius, Syrians Old and New Testaments > Ge’ez language of the Church "Nine Saints,” Syrian Monophysite monks Kiing El-Asham, 615 refuge for fleeing Muslims Yemen, 6th century

8. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa C. Zagwe Dynasty Aksumites and Agaws (Cushitic) descent from Moses King Lalibela (1185–1225) cathedrals at Roha D. Solomid Dynasty Yikunno-Amlak leads rebellion, 1270 negus (“king of kings”) Kebre Negast ("Glory of the Kings") Royal chronicle claimed ties to Aksum, Makeda (Queen of Saba’): Makeda visited Solomon, bore son, Menelik Menelik brought Ark of Covenant to Ethiopia

9. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. Ethiopia and Northeastern Africa (D. Solomid Dynasty) Emperor Amde-Siyon (?–1344) (“Pillar of Zion”) Zara Yakob (1434–1468) (“Seed of Jacob”) Alliance with pope against Muslims gults (fiefs) Decline after 15th century Oromo Muslim states 1527–43 Ahmad al-Ghazi, Ahmad Gran of Adal

10. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Empires of the Western Sudan A. Camel Caravans and Trade Salt for gold Villages from 9th century B.C.E. Jenne-jeno B. Ghana (Aoukar or Wagadu) Soninke farmers Trade salt Kola nuts King Kumbi-Saleh, capital

11. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Empires of the Western Sudan B. Mali Sumaguru (1200–1235), of the Sosso, conquers Ghana Sundiata Malinke Keita clan overthrew Sumaguru Control of gold mining and trade Wangara, Bambuk Mansa Musa (1307–1337 pilgrimage to Mecca, 1324–1325 Arabic culture Ibn Battuta praises Mali Decline after 1400 succession raids, Tuaregs, Sanhaja

12. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Empires of the Western Sudan B. Mali Sumaguru (1200–1235), of the Sosso, conquers Ghana Sundiata Malinke Keita clan overthrew Sumaguru Control of gold mining and trade Wangara, Bambuk Mansa Musa (1307–1337 pilgrimage to Mecca, 1324–1325 Arabic culture Ibn Battuta praises Mali Decline after 1400 succession raids, Tuaregs, Sanhaja The Catalan Atlas of 1375

13. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Empires of the Western Sudan C. Songhai Sunni Ali (1464–1492) Takes Timbuktu, Walata, Jenne-Jeno Askia Muhammad (1493–1528) slave officer in Sunni Ali’s army King Ahmad al-Mansur of Morocco invaded Songhai, 1591 victory over Songhai

14. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VI. Empires of the Western Sudan D. Kanem-Bornu and the Hausa States Kanem Muslim, Sayfuwa Dynasty Controlled Saharan trade: ivory, ostrich feathers for horses Built large cavalry, raided neighbors Mai (king) Dunama Dibalemi (1210–1248) Bornu Hausa city-states: Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir Villages built wooden stockades for protection Queen Amina of Zazzau military leader conquers Kano, Katsina earthen walls

15. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VII. West African Forest Kingdoms A. Ife Yoruba city-state in southwestern Nigeria Oduduwa emissary of sky god founder of dynasty B. Benin Edo kingdom Oba (king) advised by ozama (council) Oba Ewuare usurper new capital C. Oyo Alafin (king) Basoru (minister) Oyo mesi (council of ministers) D. Art

16. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VIII. Swahili City-States in East Africa A. East African Swahili Coast Bantus from 100 B.C.E. to 300 C.E. Swahili (Bantu) The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea Early Greek Description Dhows Arab boats lateen sails 2000-mile journey — one month City-States 100s Mogadishu, Sofala, Malindi, Pemba, Pate, Mombasa, Mafia, Kilwa Kilwa gold trade matrilineal: queen’s brother inherits Husuni Kubwa palace and trade emporium

17. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VIII. Swahili City-States in East Africa A. East African Swahili Coast Bantus from 100 B.C.E. to 300 C.E. Swahili (Bantu) The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea Early Greek Description Dhows Arab boats lateen sails 2000-mile journey — one month City-States 100s Mogadishu, Sofala, Malindi, Pemba, Pate, Mombasa, Mafia, Kilwa Kilwa gold trade matrilineal: queen’s brother inherits Husuni Kubwa palace and trade emporium

18. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. VIII. Swahili City-States in East Africa B. Political features C. Trade with Europe, Asia Exports: gold, ivory, slaves Imports: cloth, beads, porcelain, incense, glass, cloth Chinese Admiral Zheng visited in 1400s Porcelain, silk, lacquerware for ivory, wood, animals

19. Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 8: The African Beginnings: African Civilizations to 1500 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IX. Kingdoms of Central and Southern Africa A. Early developments Bantus from 3rd century B.C.E Stone building 150 political centers Mapungabwe B. Great Zimbabwe, 1290–1450 “houses of stone” 60 acres Limpopo River Great Enclosure 12-foot walls Collapse causes? Torwa, Mutapa C. Kongo Wene, petty prince Manikongo (“lord of the Kongo”) By 1400 centralized state