1. Water Soluble Vitamins! B Vitamins

2. Objectives After reading Chapter 6, completing a concept map and class discussion, you will be able to Identify water soluble vitamins Distinguish water soluble vs fat soluble Describe the concert role of B vitamins Describe concert deficiencies Identify vitamin imposters and non-B vitamins

3. Water Soluble Vitamins: Characteristics Essential Essential Organic Structure Organic Structure Non-energy Producing Non-energy Producing Micronutrients Micronutrients Stability Stability Bioavailability Bioavailability Toxicity Toxicity

4. Water Soluble Vitamins vs. Fat Soluble Vitamins

5. The B Vitamins Coenzymes Coenzymes

7. Vitamin Concept Map Vitamin FUNCTIONS Other Facts Food Sources

8. Thiamin Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

9. Thiamin Other Facts

10. Thiamin Other names: Vitamin B 1 Other names: Vitamin B 1 1998 RDA 1998 RDA men: 1.2 mg/day men: 1.2 mg/day women: 1.1 mg/day women: 1.1 mg/day Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism Easily destroyed by heat

11. Thiamin Sources Pork Pork Whole Grain or Enriched Grains Whole Grain or Enriched Grains

12. Thiamin Warnicke-Korsikof Syndrome – Warnicke encephalopathy – Korsakoff’s psychosis Result of thiamine deficiency caused by alcoholism

13. Thiamin Thiamine is needed to metabolize energy (calories) Alcohol contains calories which must be metabolized but no thiamine, thus leading to a deficiency Also mucosal damage; vomiting, diarrhea,

14. Ribovlavin Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

15. Riboflavin Other Facts

16. Riboflavin Other names: Vitamin B 2 Other names: Vitamin B 2 1998 RDA 1998 RDA Men: 1.3 mg/day Men: 1.3 mg/day Women: 1.1 mg/day Women: 1.1 mg/day Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism. Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism. Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation

17. Riboflavin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18. Riboflavin Sources Milk products Milk products Yogurt Yogurt Cheese Cheese Enriched or whole grains Enriched or whole grains Liver Liver

19. Niacin Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

20. Niacin Other Facts

21. Niacin Other names Other names Nicotinic acid Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide Nicotinamide Niacinamide Niacinamide Vitamin B 3 Vitamin B 3 Precursor: dietary tryptophan Precursor: dietary tryptophan 1998 RDA 1998 RDA Men: 16 mg NE/day Men: 16 mg NE/day Women: 14 mg NE/day Women: 14 mg NE/day Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day

22. Niacin Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism Toxicity symptoms Toxicity symptoms Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”) Painful flush, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”) Excessive sweating Excessive sweating Blurred vision Blurred vision Liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance Liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

23. Niacin Sources All protein foods All protein foods Milk, eggs, meat, fish, poultry Milk, eggs, meat, fish, poultry Whole grain Whole grain Enriched grains Enriched grains Nuts Nuts

24. Vitamin B 6 Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

25. Vitamin B 6 Functions Other Facts

26. Vitamin B 6 Other names Other names Pyridoxine Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine Pyridoxamine 1998 RDA 1998 RDA Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day

27. Vitamin B 6 Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin Helps to make red blood cells Helps to make red blood cells

28. Vitamin B 6 Deficiency symptoms Deficiency symptoms Scaly dermatitis Scaly dermatitis Anemia (small-cell type) Anemia (small-cell type) Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions

29. Vitamin B 6 Sources Meat, fish, poultry, liver Meat, fish, poultry, liver Potatoes Potatoes Legumes Legumes Non-citrus fruits Non-citrus fruits Fortified cereal Fortified cereal Soy products Soy products

30. Vitamin B 12 Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

31. Vitamin B 12 Functions Other Facts

32. Vitamin B 12 Other names: cobalamin (and related forms) Other names: cobalamin (and related forms) 1998 RDA 1998 RDA Adults: 2.4  g/day Adults: 2.4  g/day Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis Helps to maintain nerve cells Helps to maintain nerve cells Reforms folate coenzyme Reforms folate coenzyme Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

33. Vitamin B 12 Activates Folate Activates Folate Absorption requires Absorption requires HCl HCl Pepsin Pepsin Intrinsic factor Intrinsic factor

34. Vitamin B 12 Easily destroyed by microwave cooking Easily destroyed by microwave cooking Deficiency disease: pernicious anemia Deficiency disease: pernicious anemia Difficult for vegetarians to obtain Difficult for vegetarians to obtain Toxicity: none reported Toxicity: none reported

35. Vitamin B 12 Pernicious Anemia Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) is known as extrinsic factor “Intrinsic factor” needed for B 12 to be absorbed Intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells in lining of gastric mucosa

36. Vitamin B 12 Diagnosis: Schilling test Treatment: 1000mg Vitamin B 12 IM daily for two weeks and monthly injections for life High Risk: African Americans, northern Europeans, elderly

37. Vitamin B 12 Sources Animal products Animal products Meat, poultry fish, shellfish Meat, poultry fish, shellfish Milk, cheese Milk, cheese Eggs Eggs Fortified cereals Fortified cereals

38. Folate Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

39. Folate Functions Other Facts

40. Folate Other names Other names Folic acid Folic acid Folacin Folacin Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) 1998 RDA 1998 RDA Adults: 400  g/day Adults: 400  g/day Upper level for adults: 1000  g/day Upper level for adults: 1000  g/day

41. Folate

43. Folate Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

44. Folacin Neural Tube Defects – Malformation of the central nervous system that forms very early in the pregnancy (often even before woman realizes she is pregnant Spina bifida- spine develops outside of the body Anencephaly- entire brain and skull above the ears is missing

45. Neural tube defects Spina Bifida Anencephaly

46. Folacin Only known way to prevent these congenital malformations is adequate folacin intake prior to pregnancy Adequate folic acid intake can reduce the risk of NTD by up to 75%

47. Folate Supplementation Decrease in neural tube defects with supplementation of cereals

48. Critical Periods

50. Folate Sources Fortified Grains Fortified Grains Leafy Green Vegetables Leafy Green Vegetables Legumes, Seeds Legumes, Seeds Liver Liver

51. Biotin Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

52. Biotin Functions Other Facts

53. Biotin 1998 adequate intake (AI) 1998 adequate intake (AI) Adults: 30  g/day Adults: 30  g/day Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis Significant sources Significant sources Widespread in foods Widespread in foods Also produced by GI bacteria Also produced by GI bacteria

54. Biotin Sources Widespread in foods Widespread in foods Organ meats, fish Organ meats, fish Egg yolks Egg yolks Soybeans Soybeans Whole grains Whole grains

55. Pantothenic Acid Sources Sources SOURCES Functions

56. Pantothenic Acid Functions Other Facts

57. Pantothenic Acid 1998 adequate intake (AI) 1998 adequate intake (AI) Adults: 5 mg/day Adults: 5 mg/day Chief functions in the body Chief functions in the body Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism Easily destroyed by food processing Easily destroyed by food processing

58. Pantothenic Acid Sources Widespread in foods Widespread in foods Organ meats Organ meats Mushrooms Mushrooms Avacado Avacado Broccoli Broccoli Whole grains Whole grains

59. Non-B Vitamin Controversial other dietary compounds Controversial other dietary compounds Still under scientific investigation Still under scientific investigation May be “conditionally” essential May be “conditionally” essential Supplements NOT necessary Supplements NOT necessary Widespread in foods Widespread in foods

60. Non-B Vitamin Choline Choline Contains N 2 ; made from methionine Contains N 2 ; made from methionine Used to make lecithin & acetylcholine Used to make lecithin & acetylcholine Adequate Intake (AI) established 1998 Adequate Intake (AI) established 1998 Men=550 mg/day; Women=425 mg/day Men=550 mg/day; Women=425 mg/day Inositol Inositol Part of cell membrane structure Part of cell membrane structure Carnitine Carnitine Transports long-chain fatty acids Transports long-chain fatty acids

61. Vitamin Imposters Not essential for humans; essential only for bacteria or other forms of life Not essential for humans; essential only for bacteria or other forms of life PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) Vitamin P (hesperidin)-a bioflavonoid Vitamin P (hesperidin)-a bioflavonoid Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q 10 ) Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q 10 ) Pyrroloquinoline quinone (methoxatin) Pyrroloquinoline quinone (methoxatin) Orotic acid Orotic acid Lipoic acid Lipoic acid

62. Vitamin Imposters Vitamin O (oxygenated salt water) Vitamin O (oxygenated salt water) Vitamin B 15 (Pangamic acid) Vitamin B 15 (Pangamic acid) Vitamin B 17 (Laetrile) Vitamin B 17 (Laetrile) Alleged “cancer cure” Alleged “cancer cure” Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Vitamin B 5 Vitamin B 5 Simply another name for Pantothenic Acid Simply another name for Pantothenic Acid

63. Conclusions 1. 1. Vitamins are derived from a variety of foods. That is why variety is so important. 2. 2. Vitamin deficiencies rarely occur in this country. 3. 3. If they do, it is usually in conjunction with severe illness, stress, or trauma that is superimposed on prolonged inadequate intake. 4. 4. If there is deficiency, usually several vitamins (especially in the case of B vitamins) are involved.

64. Conclusions 1. 1. Toxicity is also rare but a possibility Toxicity is rarely associated with food Toxicity results from supplements 2. 2. Vitamin imposters are used

65. Variety is the Key Vitamins are derived from a variety of foods.