1. Arrays CSC 171 FALL 2002 LECTURE 20

2. Arrays Suppose we want to write a program that reads a set of test grades and prints them, marking the highest grade? 65.2 81.7 31.3 95.4 < - highest grade 76.1 58.6

3. Individual data items If we knew that there were always 150 students in the class, we could store the data as individual variables – score1,score2,score3,.., score150 What would the data entry code look like? What would the printing code look like? How about finding the max?

4. Arrays An array is a collection of data items of the same type Every element of the collection can be accessed separately.

5. ___________________ is a fixed length sequence of values of the same type.

6. _An array__________ is a fixed length sequence of values of the same type.

7. Constructing Arrays double [] data = new double[10];

8. int x = data.length ; //instance field on arrays, x = = 10

9. Setting Array values To get values into an array you need to specify which slot you want to use. Specification is done with the [ ] operator The [ ] operator follows the name of the array The [ ] operator encloses and integer-valued expression called the index or subscript

10. Setting array values data[4] = 29.95; 01234567890123456789

11. Using array values Similar to setting int i = 4 ; System.out.println(“data[“+i+”] ==“+ data[i]); > data[4] ==29.95

12. You access array elements with and integer position number, called the _______________, using the notation _______________.

13. You access array elements with and integer position number, called the ___index_______, using the notation ____a[index]___________.

14. Array data items Suppose we want to write a program that reads a set of test grades and prints them, marking the highest grade? What would the data entry code look like? What would the printing code look like? How about finding the max?

15. Array issues Does it work? double [] data = new double[10]; data[10] = 5.4;

16. Array issues Does it work? double [] data = new double[10]; data[10] = 5.4; When the program runs, an out-of-bounds subscript generates an exception and terminates the program – why?

17. Position numbers of an array range from _________ to ____________.

18. Position numbers of an array range from ___0_______ to ____a.length -1_________.

19. Accessing a nonexistent position results is a ______________ error.

20. Accessing a nonexistent position results is a _bounds_____ error.

21. Use the ___________________field to find the number of elements in an array.

22. Use the _____length______field to find the number of elements in an array.

23. Array issues Can we search for the top grade as follows double maxScore = data[0]; for (int i = 1;I<=data.length;i++) If (data[i] > maxScore) maxScore = data[i];

24. Array issues An array of length n has index values from 0 to (n-1) double maxScore = data[0]; for (int i = 1;I<data.length;i++) If (data[i] > maxScore) maxScore = data[i];

25. Array issues Does it work? public static void main(String[] args){ double[] data; If (data[0] > 4.0) System.out.println(“GT 4!”); }

26. Array issues Arrays must be allocated! public static void main(String[] args){ double[] data = new double[10]; If (data[0] > 4.0) System.out.println(“GT 4!”); }

27. Array issues Arrays can be initialized! public static void main(String[] args){ double[] data = {2,3,4,5,6}; If (data[0] > 4.0) System.out.println(“GT 4!”); } // note: new int[] {2,3,4,5,6} ; is also legal

28. Copying Arrays Is this ok? double [] data = new double[10]; double[] testScores; testScores = data;

29. Copying Arrays Is this ok? double [] data = new double[10]; double[] testScores; testScores = data; How many arrays are there?

30. Copying Array REFERENCES double [] data = new double[10]; double[] testScores; testScores = data;

31. Copying Arrays So, what if we want to make two “real” copies – what does the code look like? Write a method so that int[] x = {3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}; int[] y = myCopy(x);

32. Copying public static int[] myCopy(int[] x){ int[] r_arry = new int[x.length]; for (int i = 0 ; i< x.length;i++) r_arry[i] = x[i]; return r_arry; }

33. System.arrayCopy //System.arraycopy(from,fromstart,to,toStart,count); System.arraycopy(data,0,prices,0,data.length);

34. Clone

35. An array variable stores a ________________________. Copying the variable yields a second ____________________ to _________________ array.

36. An array variable stores a ______reference__________. Copying the variable yields a second ______reference______________ to ____the same_____________ array.

37. Use the ________________ method to copy the elements of an array.

38. Use the ____clone______ method to copy the elements of an array.

39. Use the _____________________________ method to copy elements from one array to another.

40. Use the _System.arraycopy____________________ method to copy elements from one array to another.

41. If you run out of space in an array you need to _______________ a larger array and copy the elements into it.

42. If you run out of space in an array you need to __allocate_____ a larger array and copy the elements into it.

43. Getting a Bigger Array

44. More Arrays Suppose we want to write a program that reads a set of test product names, prices, and quality scores prints them, marking the best value? (score/prices) Digital 500X, $3499.00, score 73 ZEOS Pentium-III/500, $2545.00, score 70 Micro Express MF, $2195.00, score 72 < - best value Polywell Poly 450IP, $2099.00, score 30

45. Parallel Arrays One solution, can you think of a better one?

46. Arrays of Objects Easier to deal with - arrays hold references

47. Avoid ___________________________ arrays by changing them into arrays of objects.

48. Avoid ____________parallel_______ arrays by changing them into arrays of objects.

49. Multidimensional Arrays Arrays of arrays – Arrays are objects – Arrays hold references to objects – Ergo, arrays can hold arrays

50. Tables are 2D arrays int size = 5; int[][] mtable = new int[size][size]; for(i=0;i<size;i++) for(int j=0;j<size;j++) mtable[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1); 12345 246810 3691215 48121620 510152025 // how easy to modify code ???? int[][] mtable = new int[5][5]; for(i=0;i<5;i++) for(int j=0;j<5;j++) mtable[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1);

51. Arrays of Arrays int [][] powers = new int[10][10];

52. Arrays of Arrays int [][] pow2 = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}; 123 456 789

53. Allocating arrays of arrays int size = 10; int[][] mtable = new int[size][]; for(i=0;i<mtable.length;i++) { mtable[i]= new int[size]; for(int j=0;j<mtable[i].length;j++) mtable[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1); }

54. Alternately The following is legal. What is the structure? int[][] b = new int[5][]; for (int i=0;i<b.length;i++) b[i] = new int[i+1];

55. Alternately int[][] b = new int[5][]; for (int i=0;i<b.length;i++) b[i] = new int[i+1]; This is known as a triangular array Is b[3][1] a legal reference or b[1][3]?

56. Two dimensional arrays form a ___________________________ arrangement. You access elements with an index pair using the notation ______________.

57. Two dimensional arrays form a _tabular, two dimensional_______ arrangement. You access elements with an index pair using the notation _____a[i][j]_________.

58. Passing Arrays In JAVA – Primitives are passed by value A copy of the variable is made & used Modifications made do not affect calling value public void myAdd(int x) { x++;} – Objects are passed by reference Since the reference is passed it is possible to change the value in the calling method Public void myAdd (int[] x) {x[0]++;}

59. Pass by value public class passArry { public static void main(String args[]){ int x1 = 3; System.out.println("x1 == "+x1); myAdd(x1); System.out.println("x1 == "+x1); } public static void myAdd(int x) {x++;} }

60. Pass by reference public class passArry { public static void main(String args[]){ int[] x2 = {4,5,6}; System.out.println("x2[0] == "+x2[0]); myAdd(x2); System.out.println("x2[0] == "+x2[0]); } public static void myAdd(int[] x) {x[0]++;} }

61. Local reference class Student { int age; // ….. public void setAge(int age){ age = age; } }

62. Local reference class Student { int age; // ….. public void setAge(int age){ this.age = age; }

63. Exercise Write a method that takes an integer array and prints the values

64. Exercise public static int myPrint(int[] x){ for (int i = 0 ; i<x.length;i++) System.out.println(x + “[“+i+”] == “+ x[i]); }

65. Exercise Write a method that takes an integer array, and two integer indices and swaps the value

66. Exercise public static void mySwap(int[] x, int i, int j){ int temp = x[i]; x[i] = x[j]; x[j] = temp; }

67. Interpretive Dance Some people are “visual” learners Some people are “aural” learners Some people are “symbolic” learners Some people are “body” learners Every kindergardener learns how to sort.

68. Sorting Write a method that takes an array and sorts via the kindergarden method.

69. Bubblesort public static void bubbleSort(int[] x){ for (int j=0;j<x.length;j++) for (int i = 0 ; i<x.length-1;i++) if (x[i] > x[i+1]) mySwap(x,i,i+1); } // how many comparisions do we make?

70. Counting comparisons If the length of the array is “n” The outer loop executes “n” time Each time the outer loop executes, the inner loop executes “(n-1)” time So, we get n(n-1) comparisions

71. Exercise: SEARCH Write a method that takes an integer array and returns the index of the maximum value

72. Exercise public static int myMax(int[] x){ int rvalue = 0; for (int i = 0 ; i<x.length;i++) if (x[i] > x[rvalue]) rvalue = i; return rvalue; }

73. Exercise Overload the max finder to take an array and an index – the method now returns the index of the maximum value >= the index passed in

74. Exercise public static int myMax(int[] x, int j){ int rvalue = j; for (int i = j ; i<x.length;i++) if (x[i] > x[rvalue]) rvalue = i; return rvalue; }

75. Sorting Write a method that takes an integer array Loop through all the positions in the array, one after the other At each (current) position, find the max from that position to the rest of the array. Swap the value with the current position This is termed selection sort

76. Selection Sort Does it work? public void selSort(int x){ for (int i = 0 ; i<x.length;i++){ int temp = myMax(x,i); mySwap(x,i,temp); } Can you prove it works? What is the loop invariant?

77. Swap max “^” with first “|” {1,9,2,8,3,7,4,6,5} | ^ {9,1,2,8,3,7,4,6,5} | ^ {9,8,2,1,3,7,4,6,5} | ^ {9,8,7,1,3,2,4,6,5} | ^ {9,8,7,6,3,2,4,1,5} | ^ {9,8,7,6,5,2,4,1,3} | ^ {9,8,7,6,5,4,2,1,3} | ^ {9,8,7,6,5,4,3,1,2} | ^

78. Run time analysis How long does it take SectionSort to run on an array of a given length?

79. Count the loops n is the length of the array The outer (i) loop executes from 0 to n-2 – n-1 times The on each cycle of the outer loop i has a certain (different) value On each cycle of the outer loop, the inner loop executes from I + 1 to n –1 – n – i – 1 times

80. So, we get N-2  n-i-1) i=0

81. Can we prove ? N-2  n-i-1) = = i=0  n(n-1)/2

82. Array Lists Consider Purse class Purse doesn't remember individual Coin objects, just the total Don't know how many coins--can't have variables coin1...coin10 Use ArrayList to store variable number of objects ArrayList coins = new ArrayList(); coins.add(new Coin(0.1, "dime"));... size method yields number of elements

83. An ______________________ is a sequence of objects.

84. An _array list______ is a sequence of objects.

85. Retrieving Array List Elements Use get method Index starts at 0 Must cast to correct type Coin c = coins.get(0); // gets first coin Bounds error if index is out of range Most common bounds error: int n = coins.size(); c = (Coin)coins.get(n); // ERROR // legal index values are 0...n-1

86. To store a primitive type in an array list you must use a ____________ class.

87. To store a primitive type in an array list you must use a __wrapper__ class.

88. When retrieving an element from an array list, you need to ________________ the return value of the ________________ method to the element class.

89. When retrieving an element from an array list, you need to __cast____ the return value of the _______get__ method to the element class.

90. Position number of an array list range from _________ to _______________. Accessing a nonexistent position results in a _________ error.

91. Position number of an array list range from _____0____ to ________size() - 1_______. Accessing a nonexistent position results in a ___counds______ error.