1. Biomechanical correlates of exercise – areas of interest, endeavor, & contribution Design/analysis of fitness programs Design of fitness exercises –are exercises inherently safe and effective? Exercises to avoid (e.g., deep knee bends, good morning exercise) –movements, forces, injury potential Analysis of fitness exercises –are exercises being executed properly? Design, selection, and analysis of fitness equipment –resistive equipment (e.g., thesis on situp ex equip) –aerobic equipment Relative merits of exercise mode Running shoes

2. Biomechanical aspects of aerobic exercise Adrian, p. 219 Potential for injury increases with body weight Airborne activities produce greater forces than non-airborne activities Fast twisting movements of arm and upper trunk produce lower back reaction forces Stress is inversely proportional to body surface area exposed Joint shear stress is minimal if bones are aligned in a straight line Knee joint stress is minimized it knee is alighted above the foot Alignment of trunk above pelvis minimizes unbalanced stress of spine Keep limbs close to trunk for maximum equilibrium Longer limbs involve greater MOI, thus they are harder to move and accelerate Joint reaction force increases with speed of angular movement The taller person needs more time to perform an activity Safety can be increased or decreased by modifying the intensity of the exercise

3. Biomechanics of Resistive exercises Factors affecting force application –Force-velocity relationship –Strength-joint position relationship (combination of angle of pull and force/length relationship) Should we provide the same degree of overload throughout the movement? If so, how do we do it?

4. Use of Cams in Ex Equipment:

5. Pelvic Girdle Balance

6. Compression and shear forces:

7. Spinal Flexion Exercises Effect of –Anchoring feet? –Bending knees? –Placement of hands and arms? –Inclined board?

8. Back Extension Exercises to Avoid: Good morning exercise: Hyperextended back:

9. Recommended Extension Exercise Effect of speed on effects of exercise: Torque = Wd + MOI x ang acc

10. Effect of posture on lumbar compression force:

11. Torque while lifting: Recommendations: (1)bend knees and (2)keep weight close to hips

12. Knee Joint Structure: 25% of Alpine skiing injuries are ligament injuries Peripatellar pain (runner’s knee) caused by imbalance of stress on patella

13. Lower Extremity Misalignment: Q angle is larger in females due to Wider hip structure, increasing potential for PFPS (Patellofemoral pain syndrome)

14. Quadriceps Tendon and Patella Force Lines Compressive force at PFJ is ½ body wt during normal walking, and over 3 times bw during stair climbing Comp force increases as knee flexion Angle increases

15. Structure and tissues of shank and foot:

16. Subtalar axis:

17. Foot Pronation and Tibial Torsion:

18. Plantar Fascium: Plantar fascitis is 4 th most common cause of pain among runners (1 st – knee pain, 2 nd – shin splints, 3 rd - achilles tendonitis)

19. Arches of the Foot:

20. GRF while Running

21. Force vectors on different parts of foot

22. Rearfoot Movement During Running:

23. Types of running injuries

24. Example of Double Density Midsole:

25. Effects of Rear- foot Double Density Midsole on rearfoot position:

26. Effects of Rearfoot & Forefoot Double Density Midsole on takeoff angle: