1. Materials Science & Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in MSE
You will learn about:
• material structure
Objective of this course is to introduce you to the fundamental concepts in Materials Science and Engineering…
Achieve this goal by explaining the structure of materials, then by investigating the structure-property relationship we will venture into how structure impacts materials properties, and finally we will go over the processes used to optimize the structure of materials used to attain desired properties…
At the end of this course, the expectation is that you will learn how to choose and use right materials for the right application. Furthermore, by expanding your knowledge about materials properties, you can realize new design opportunities with materials…
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials a

2. LECTURES Lecturer: Goknur Cambaz Buke Time: PLEASE BE ON TIME
Location: A 319
Activities:
• Present new material
• Announce reading and homework
• Take quizzes and midterms*
*Make-ups given only for emergencies.
*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand. b

3. About me !
Education:
B.Sc.: METU, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
M.Sc.:METU, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
Ph.D.: Drexel University, Nanotechnology institute, Materials Science and Engineering, USA

4. Contact me for other special arrangements!
OFFICE HOURS
10:00-12:00 Friday
Contact me for other special arrangements!
Activities:
• Discuss homework, quizzes, exams
• Discuss lectures, book
• Pick up missed handouts
• Any materials science related discussions e

5. COURSE MATERIAL Webpage: http://ece447.cankaya.edu.tr/ Required text:
• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 8th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2007). Both book and access to accompanying web-site are needed.
Webpage: f

6. Attendance: 10% Homework: 10% Quiz: 10% Midterm: 30% Final: 40%
GRADING
Attendance: 10%
Homework: 10%
Quiz: 10%
Midterm: 30%
Final: 40% g

7. Introduction What is materials science? Why should we know about it?
Materials drive our society
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?
Nano Age?

8. Four Elements of Materials Science
Material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus.
Arrangement of its internal components

9. Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)
30 mm 6 00 5 00
(c)
4 mm
Data obtained from Figs (a)
and with 4 wt% C composition,
and from Fig and associated
discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig ;
and (d) Fig , Callister & Rethwisch 8e. 4 00
(b)
30 mm
(a)
30 mm
Hardness (BHN) 3 00 2 00
100
0.01
0.1 1 10
100
1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

10. Concept Map

11. THE TRASHCAN I: THE CAN Concept Map Metal Inorganic Crystalline
Synthetic

12. THE TRASHCAN II: THE RUST
Concept Map
Non-Metal
Inorganic
Crystalline
Naturally Occurring
Mineral
Crystalline Ceramic

13. THE TRASHCAN III: THE LINER
Concept Map
Non-Metal
Organic
Amorphous
Synthetic
Polymer

14. Types of Materials Metals:
Strong, ductile
High thermal & electrical conductivity
Opaque, reflective.
Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s
Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
Thermal & electrical insulators
Optically translucent or transparent.
Metals have high thermal & electrical conductivity because valence electrons are free to roam
Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
Brittle, glassy, elastic
Non-conducting (insulators)

15. ENGINEERED MATERIALS
ALLOYS
COMPOSITES

16. SEMICONDUCTORS
Solar Cells
OLED
Technology

17. Example – Hip Implant BIOMATERIALS
With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate. Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).
Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e.

18. Example – Hip Implant Requirements mechanical strength (many cycles)
good lubricity
biocompatibility
Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e.

19. Example – Hip Implant
Adapted from Fig , Callister 7e.

20. Hip Implant Key problems to overcome
fixation agent to hold acetabular cup
cup lubrication material
femoral stem – fixing agent (“glue”)
must avoid any debris in cup
Ball
Acetabular
Cup and Liner
Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

21. BIOMIMETICS
Some paints and roof tiles have been engineered to be self-cleaning by copying the mechanism from the lotus
Lotus leaf surface

22. Nanotechnology Definition
The art and science of building stuff that does
stuff at the nanometer scale.
R. Smalley, Rice University
Nobel Prize Winner
Comprised of “nanostructures” or “nanomaterials” that possess at least one dimension that measures approximately less than 100nm AND exhibit novel properties.

23. Size Comparisons
The diameter of your hair is approximately 50, ,000 nanometers
Your finger nail grows 1 nanometer in 1 second
A line of ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by side is 1 nanometer long

24. Explore the Properties Synthesis of Nanostructures
Same Story
Explore the Properties
Synthesis of Nanostructures
Explore/speculate
Applications
Characterization
Testing
New processing techniques
Controlled structure, size…
Reduce cost
New applications!!!!!!
New Characterization and Testing techniques
Better resolution….

25. SOME CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY25

26. SOLAR CELLS Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Improved efficiencies: novel nanomaterials can harness more of the sun’s energy
Lower costs: some novel nanomaterials can be made cheaper than alternatives
Flexibility: thin film flexible polymers can be manipulated to generate electricity from the sun’s energy

27. COMPUTING Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Faster processing speeds: miniaturization allows more transistors to be packed on a computer chip
More memory: nanosized features on memory chips allow more information to be stored
Thermal management solutions for electronics: novel carbon- based nanomaterials carry away heat generated by sensitive electronics

28. CLOTHING Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Anti-odor properties: silver nanoparticles embedded in textiles kill odor causing bacteria
Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on textiles stop liquids from penetrating
Moisture control: novel nanomaterials on fabrics absorb perspiration and wick it away
UV protection: titanium nanoparticles embedded in textiles inhibit UV rays from penetrating through fabric

29. BATTERIES Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Higher energy storage capacity and quicker recharge: nanoparticles or nanotubes on electrodes provide high surface area and allow more current to flow
Longer life: nanoparticles on electrodes prevent electrolytes from degrading so batteries can be recharged over and over
A safer alternative: novel nano- enhanced electrodes can be less flammable, costly and toxic than conventional electrodes

30. SPORTING GOODS AND EQUIPMENT
Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Increased strength of materials: novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube-based nanocomposites give the player a stronger swing
Lighter weight materials: nanocomposites are typically lighter weight than their macroscale counterparts

31. CARS Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Increased strength of materials: novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube nanocomposites are used in car bumpers, cargo liners and as step-assists for vans
Lighter weight materials: lightweight nanocomposites mean less fuel is used to make the car go
Control of surface characteristics: nanoscale thin films can be applied for optical control of glass, water repellency of windshields and to repair of nicks/scratches

32. FOOD AND BEVERAGE Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Better, more environmentally friendly adhesives for fast food containers
Anti-bacterial properties: Nano silver coatings on kitchen tools and counter- tops kill bacteria/microbes
Improved barrier properties for carbonated beverages or packaged foods: nanocomposites slow down the flow of gas or water vapor across the container, increasing shelf life

33. THE ENVIRONMENT Nanotechnology enhancements provide:
Improved ability to capture groundwater contaminants: nanoparticles with high surface area are injected into groundwater to bond with contaminants
Replacements for toxic materials

34. SOME FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY34

35. BODY ARMOR Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Stronger materials for better protection: nanocomposites that provide unparalleled strength and impact resistance
Flexible materials for more form-fitting wearability: nanoparticle-based materials that act like “liquid armor”
Lighter weight materials: nanomaterials typically weigh less than their macroscale counterparts
Dynamic control: nanofibers that can be flexed as necessary to provide CPR to soldiers or stiffen to furnish additional protection in the face of danger

36. DRUG DELIVERY Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
New vehicles for delivery: nanoparticles such as buckyballs or other cage-like structures that carry drugs through the body
Targeted delivery: nano vehicles that deliver drugs to specific locations in body
Time release: nanostructured material that store medicine in nanosized pockets that release small amounts of drugs over time

37. CANCER Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Earlier detection: specialized nanoparticles that target cancer cells only – these nanoparticles can be easily imaged to find small tumors
Improved treatments: infrared light that shines on the body is absorbed by the specialized nanoparticles in the cancer cells only, leading to an increased localized temperature that selectively kills the cancer cells but leaves normal cells unharmed

38. Cells on Patterned VANTA Surfaces
@ Bilkent Uni.
Erman bengu’s Group
Cells on Patterned VANTA Surfaces

39. SENSORS Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Higher sensitivity: high surface area of nanostructures that allows for easier detection of chemicals, biological toxins, radiation, disease, etc.
Miniaturization: nanoscale fabrication methods that can be used to make smaller sensors that can be hidden and integrated into various objects

40. NEXT GENERATION COMPUTING
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
The ability to control atomic scale phenomena: quantum or molecular phenomena that can be used to represent data
Faster processing speeds
Lighter weight and miniaturized computers
Increased memory
Lower energy consumption

41. NANOROBOTICS Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Miniaturized fabrication of complex nanoscale systems: nanorobots that propel through the body and detect/ cure disease or clandestinely enter enemy territory for a specific task
Manipulation of tools at very small scales: nanorobots that help doctors perform sensitive surgeries

42. Carbon Nanotube-based Gears
With Benzyne Teeth
J. Han, et. al., Nanotechnology, 8, 95, 1997

43. WATER PURIFICATION Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Easier contamination removal: filters made of nanofibers that can remove small contaminants
Improved desalination methods: nanoparticle or nanotube membranes that allow only pure water to pass through
Lower costs
Lower energy use

44. MORE ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS…
Nanotechnology enhancements will provide:
Improvements to solar cells
Improvements to batteries
Improvements to fuel cells
Improvements to hydrogen storage
CO2 emission reduction: nanomaterials that do a better job removing CO2 from power plant exhaust
Stronger, more efficient power transmission cables: synthesized with nanomaterials

45. CHAPTER 1: MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Materials are...
engineered structures...not blackboxes!
Structure...has many dimensions...
Structural feature
Dimension (m)
-10
atomic bonding
< 10
-10
missing/extra atoms 10
crystals (ordered atoms) -8 -1 10
-10
second phase particles -8 -4 10
-10
crystal texturing -6
> 10 1

46. The Materials Selection Process1.
Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2.
Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition. 3.
Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

47. ELECTRICAL • Electrical Resistivity of Copper: Resistivity, r T (ºC)
-200
-100
Cu at%Ni
Cu at%Ni
deformed Cu at%Ni 1 2 3 4 5 6
Resistivity, r
(10-8 Ohm-m)
Cu at%Ni
“Pure” Cu
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1970.)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.

48. OPTICAL • Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
single crystal
polycrystal:
low porosity
high porosity
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S. Tanner.)

49. DETERIORATIVE • Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks!
• Heat treatment: slows
crack speed in salt water!
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
increasing load
crack speed (m/s)
“as-is” 10
-10 -8
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC
Adapted from Fig (b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
4 mm
-- material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig , Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H. Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company.)

50. SUMMARY Course Goals: • Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.