1. CSB 20061 Efficient Computation of Minimum Recombination With Genotypes (Not Haplotypes) Yufeng Wu and Dan Gusfield University of California, Davis

2. 2 Haplotypes/Genotypes Diploid organisms have two copies of (not identical) chromosomes. A single copy is a haplotype, vector of 0,1. The mixed description is a genotype, vector of 0,1,2. At each site, –If both haplotypes are 0, genotype is 0 –If both haplotypes are 1, genotype is 1 –If one is 0 and the other is 1, genotype is 2 Key fact: easier to collect genotypes, but many downstream applications work better with haplotypes

3. 3 Haplotyping 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 Genotype Sites: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Haplotype Haplotype Inference (HI) Problem: given a set of n genotypes, infer the real n haplotype pairs that form the given genotypes 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Phasing the 2s

4. 4 Two-stage Approach Given a set of genotypes G, we are interested in downstream problems Many HI solutions for G Two stage: first infer the “correct” HI solution from the genotypes, then do the downstream analysis with the inferred haplotypes Haplotype inference: extensively studied and believed to be accurate to certain extent

5. 5 One-stage Approach What effect does the haplotyping inaccuracy has on downstream questions? Our work: directly use genotype data for downstream problems –Without fixing a choice for the HI solution –Minimum recombination problem

6. 6 Recombination: Single Crossover Recombination is one of the principle genetic force shaping variation within species Two equal length sequences generate a third equal length sequence 110001111111001 000110000001111 Prefix Suffix 110000000001111 breakpoint

7. 7 Kreitman’s Data (1983) 0000000011000000001101110111100000000000000 0010000000000000001101110111100000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000010000101 0000000000000000110000000000000000010011000 0001100010110011110000000000000000001000000 0010000000000001000000000000001010111000010 0010000000000001000000000000011111101000000 1111100010111001000000000000011111101100000 1111111110000101000010001000011111101000000 Question: what is the minimum number of recombinations needed to derive these sequences? Assume at most 1 mutation per site

8. 8 Minimizing Recombination Compute the minimum number of recombinations (Rmin) for deriving a set of haplotypes, assuming at most 1 mutation per site –NP-hard in general –Heuristics –Lower bounds on Rmin

9. 9 Lower Bounds on Genotypes For a particular recombination lower bound method L, what is the range of possible bounds for L over all possible HI solutions? –MinL(G): minimum L over all HI solutions for G. –MaxL(G): maximum L over all HI solutions for G. This paper: HK bound, connected component bound and relaxed haplotype bound. –Polynomial-time algorithms for MaxHK, MinCC. –Heuristic method for relaxed haplotype bound.

10. 10 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 abcdefgabcdefg Incompatibility Graph (IG): A node each site, edge between incompatible pair M Lower Bound: Incompatibility Two sites (columns) p, q are incompatible if columns p,q contains all four ordered pairs (gametes): 00, 01, 10, 11 Sites p,q are incompatible  A recombination must occur between p,q 1 2 3 4 5

11. 11 HK Bound (1985) Arrange the nodes of the incompatibility graph on the line in order that the sites appear in the sequence. HK bound = maximum number of non-overlapping edges in incompatibility graph (IG). Easy to compute for haplotype data. 1 2 3 4 5 HK Lower Bound = 1

12. 12 IG for HI Solutions 01010 10101 00202 22200 01010 10101 00000 00101 01000 10100 1 2 3 4 5 HK = 1 HI 1 01010 10101 00001 00100 00000 11100 1 2 3 4 5 HK = 3 HI 2

13. 13 HK Bounds on Genotypes Known efficient algorithm for MinHK(G) (Wiuf, 2004). This paper: polynomial-time algorithm for MaxHK(G)

14. 14 Maximal Incompatibility Graph An edge between sites p and q if there is a phasing of p, q so p and q are incompatible –Each pair of sites is considered independently E(G): a maximum-sized set of non- overlapping edges in MIG(G) 01010 10101 00202 22200 G 1 2 3 4 5 MIG(G)E(G) = {12, 23, 35}

15. 15 MaxHK(G) Claim: MaxHK(G) = |E(G)| MaxHK(G)  |E(G)| –MIG(G): supergraph of IG(H) for any HI solution H If we can find an HI solution H, whose every pair of sites in E(G) is incompatible, then HK(H)  |E(G)| Together, MaxHK(G) = |E(G)|

16. Phase sites from left to right. Each component in E(G) is a simple path Each site only constrained by at most one site to the left Finding such an H MIG(G)

17. Phasing G for Incompatibility 01010 10101 00?0? 0??00 1??00 01010 10101 00?0? 00?00 11?00 01010 10101 0010? 0000? 00000 11100 No matter how a previous site p is phased, can always phase this site q to make p, q incompatible

18. 18 Haplotyping With Minimum Number of Recombinations Compute Rmin(G) –Haplotyping on a network with fewest recombinations NP-hard This paper: A branch and bound method computing exact Rmin(G) for data with small number of sites APOE data: 47 non-trivial genotypes, 9 sites –Our method: 2 minutes, Rmin(G) = 5

19. 19 Application: Recombination Hotspot Recombination hotspot: regions where recombination rate is much higher than neighboring regions Previous study (Bafna and Bansal, 2005): a recombination lower bound with inferred haplotypes were used to identify recombination hotspots Our work: compute the exact Rmin(G) with genotypes for a sliding window of a small number of SNPs to detect recombination hotspots

20. 20 Result from haplotypes (Bafna and Bansal, 2005) Result from original genotypes (this paper) MS32 data (Jeffreys, et al. 2001)

21. 21 Other Applications Finding true Rmin from genotypes G –Two stage approach: run PHAS to get an HI solution H, and compute Rmin(H) –One stage approach: directly compute Rmin(G) Accuracy of haplotype inference on a minimum network Simulation results: comparable, slightly weaker and non-conclusive

22. 22 Summary Main goal of this paper: develop computational tools for the minimum recombination problem with genotypes –Polynomial-time algorithm for MaxHK and MinCC problems –Practical heuristics for other problems –Simulation results to several application questions are not conclusive –Our tools facilitate the study of these problems

23. 23 Thank You Software: available upon request