1. Exceptions Cmput 115 - Lecture 3 Department of Computing Science University of Alberta ©Duane Szafron 1999 Some code in this lecture is based on code from the book: Java Structures by Duane A. Bailey or the companion structure package Revised 12/16/99

2. ©Duane Szafron 1999 2 About This Lecture In this lecture we learn how to use Java Exceptions to handle unusual program conditions. Note, this material is not in the text book.

3. ©Duane Szafron 1999 3 Outline Assertions and generic exceptions Throwables, Errors and Exceptions Throwing exceptions Catching exceptions Exception matching User-defined Throwable classes Multiple catch clauses and the finally clause

4. ©Duane Szafron 1999 4 Exceptions - Failed Assertions An assertion is a condition that should be true. What happens if the assertion fails? One option is to report that the assertion has failed and to halt the program. (Preventive Approach) Alternately, the programmer can signal that an unusual event has occurred and call some code to handle the special case. (Corrective Approach) In general, these special cases are generically called Exceptions.

5. ©Duane Szafron 1999 5 Quick Example Want to determine the number of pretzels per glass of beer Enter number of pretzels: 12 Enter number of glasses of beer: 5 12 pretzels 5 glasses of beer We have 2.4 pretzels for each glass of beer.

6. ©Duane Szafron 1999 6 Quick Example Want to determine the number of pretzels per glass of beer Enter number of pretzels: 13 Enter number of glasses of beer: 0 No Beer! Go get some at RAT’s Program aborted.

7. ©Duane Szafron 1999 7 GotBeer (1 of 2) Public class GotBeer { public static void main(String[ ] args) { int beerCount, pretzelCount; double pretzelsPerGlass; System.out.println(“Enter number of pretzels:”); pretzelCount = Savit.readLineInt( ); System.out.println(“Enter number of glasses of beer:”); beerCount = Savit.readLineInt( ); if (beerCount <= 0) { System.out.printlin(“No Beer!”); System.out.println(“Go to RAT’s”); System.out.println(“Program Aborted”); System.exit(0); } Assert.condition(beerCount>0, “No Beer!\nGo to RAT\’s\nProgramAborted”); }

8. ©Duane Szafron 1999 8 GotBeer (1 of 2) pretzelsPerGlass = pretzelCount/(double)beerCount; System.out.prtintln(pretzelCount + “ pretzels.”); System.out.prtintln(beerCount + “ glasses of beer.”); System.out.prtintln(“You have “ + pretzelsPerGlass + “ pretzels for each glass of beer.”); }

9. ©Duane Szafron 1999 9 GotBeer with Exceptions (1 of 2) Public class GotBeer { public static void main(String[ ] args) { int beerCount, pretzelCount; double pretzelsPerGlass; try { System.out.println(“Enter number of pretzels:”); pretzelCount = Savit.readLineInt( ); System.out.println(“Enter number of glasses of beer:”); beerCount = Savit.readLineInt( ); if (beerCount <= 0) throw new Exception(“No Beer!);

10. ©Duane Szafron 1999 10 GotBeer with Exceptions (1 of 2) pretzelsPerGlass = pretzelCount/(double)beerCount; System.out.prtintln(pretzelCount + “ pretzels.”); System.out.prtintln(beerCount + “ glasses of beer.”); System.out.prtintln(“You have “ + pretzelsPerGlass + “ pretzels for each glass of beer.”); } // End of “try” block. Catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); //”No Beer!” System.out.println(“Go to RAT’s”); System.out.println(“Program Aborted”); System.exit(0); } } } //End of “main”

11. ©Duane Szafron 1999 11 Generic Exceptions in Java In Java, the generic concept of an exception is represented by a class called Throwable. In Java, a throw statement is used to signal an unusual situation in a program. The Java syntax is: throw In Java, there are two subclasses of the Throwable class, Error and Exception. However, Java errors and exceptions are both considered exceptions in the generic sense.

12. ©Duane Szafron 1999 12 The throws Statement A throws statement is used to signal that an generic exception (Java exception or Java error) has occurred. The syntax of a throws statement is: throws The is any expression that evaluates to an object that is an instance of the Throwable class or any subclass.

13. ©Duane Szafron 1999 13 Throwing an Error An Error is used when the program should be halted. code based on Bailey pg. 8 For example, we could modify our Ratio constructor: public Ratio(int top, int bottom) { /* pre: bottom != 0 post: constructs a ratio equivalent to top/bottom */ //Assert.pre(bottom != 0, "Denominator must not be 0"); if (bottom == 0) throw new Error(“Denominator must not be 0”); this.numerator = top; this.denominator = bottom; }

14. ©Duane Szafron 1999 14 An Error Halts the Program halted When an error is thrown, the program is halted, a message is displayed, and the stack frames are displayed: _exceptionOccurred: java.lang.Error (Denominator must not be 0) java.lang.Error: Denominator must not be 0 at Ratio. (Ratio.java) at RatioTest.main(RatioTest.java) at com.apple.mrj.JManager.JMStaticMethodDispatcher.run(JM AWTContextImpl.java) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java) detailed application

15. ©Duane Szafron 1999 15 Exceptions An Exception is used when some special code may be used to handle the exception. Every method that throws an exception must either catch (handle) the exception or pass the exception back to calling method using a throws clause in its method signature. When an exception is thrown, the java interpreter looks for an exception handler.

16. ©Duane Szafron 1999 16 Throwing an Exception For example: public Ratio(int top, int bottom) throws Exception { /* pre: bottom != 0 post: constructs a ratio equivalent to top/bottom */ if (bottom == 0) throw new Exception("Denominator must not be 0"); this.numerator = top; this.denominator = bottom; } code based on Bailey pg. 8

17. ©Duane Szafron 1999 17 The throws Clause Each using method of the method that throws an exception must also either catch the exception or have a throws clause in its signature to throw it to its caller: public Ratio add(Ratio other) throws Exception { /* pre: other is non-null post: return new fraction - the sum of this and other */ Assert.pre(other != null, "Other must not be null"); return new Ratio (this.numerator*other.denominator+ this.denominator*other.numerator, this.denominator*other.denominator); } code based on Bailey pg. 8

18. ©Duane Szafron 1999 18 Chaining throws clauses public static void main(String args [] ) throws Exception{ Ratio r = new Ratio(1,1); // r == 1.0 r = new Ratio(1,2); // r == 0.5 r.add(new Ratio(1,3)); // r still 0.5 r = r.add(new Ratio(1,4)); // r == 0.75 System.out.println(r.value()); // 0.75 printed r = new Ratio(1, 0); // should be an exception } code based on Bailey pg. 9 Eventually either the Exception must be caught or the signature of the main method must contain a throws clause:

19. ©Duane Szafron 1999 19 Exceptions not Caught halted If an exception is not caught by any handler, the exception behaves like an Error: the program is halted, a message is displayed, and the stack frames are displayed: _exceptionOccurred: java.lang.Exception (Denominator must not be 0) java.lang.Exception: Denominator must not be 0 at Ratio. (Ratio.java) at RatioTest.main(RatioTest.java) at com.apple.mrj.JManager.JMStaticMethodDispatcher.run(JMAWT ContextImpl.java) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java)

20. ©Duane Szafron 1999 20 The try-catch-finally statement A try-catch-finally statement is used to catch an exception (and therefore to prevent program termination). The EBNF Java syntax is: try { } [ ]; Recall that in Extended BNF, { } means zero or more occurrences and that [ ] means an optional occurrence. The is just a compound statement.

21. ©Duane Szafron 1999 21 The catch clause The Java syntax for a catch clause is: catch ( ) The is just a compound statement. The declares the classes of exception that will be caught. Its syntax is:

22. ©Duane Szafron 1999 22 Simple Example Syntax Here is the syntax for a simple example with one catch clause and no finally clause: try { r = new Ratio(x, y); /*... more statements... */ } catch (Exception anException) { System.out.println(anException); r = new Ratio(); // initializes to 0/1 } code based on Bailey pg. 9 1: If y=0 & if no catch clause, Exit 3 See slide16 for where throws takes place enhanced 2 y ~= 0 y = 0

23. ©Duane Szafron 1999 23 Semantics for Simple try-catch 1 If an expression in the try block of a statement with one catch clause and no finally clause throws an exception: –the rest of the code in the try block is skipped. –If the exception “matches” the catch clause, the statements in the catch block are run, followed by the rest of the method (case 3). –If the exception does not match the catch clause, the rest of code in the method is skipped and the exception is thrown to the calling method (case 1).

24. ©Duane Szafron 1999 24 Semantics for Simple try-catch 2 If an expression in the try block does not throw an exception (case 2): –The catch clause is skipped. –The rest of the method is run normally. If you put a try-catch-finally statement around a method that may generate an exception, you can remove the throws clause in the calling method’s signature.(Why?... because you are handling the exception in the method with the Catch phrase.)

25. ©Duane Szafron 1999 25 Example: try-catch For example: public static void main(String args[ ]) throws Exception { Ratio r; try { r = new Ratio(1, 0); } catch (Exception anException) { System.out.println(anException); r = new Ratio(); // initializes to 0/1 } System.out.println(r); } can be removed code based on Bailey pg. 9 java.lang.Exception: Denominator must not be 0 0.0 (Note... See slide 10)

26. ©Duane Szafron 1999 26 Why Use Exceptions? Why not just put the exception code in the method where the exception is thrown instead of throwing the exception? Because, different callers may want to handle the same exception differently. For example, the previous segment binds the variable “r” to a “zero” Ratio. A different segment might want to bind the variable “r” to null if an exception occurs.

27. ©Duane Szafron 1999 27 Exception Matching When does a thrown exception “match” a catch clause? –The thrown exception has a class. –The variable in the exception declaration of the catch clause has a declared class. –They “match” if class of the thrown exception is the same as the declared class in the catch clause or is one of its subclasses.

28. ©Duane Szafron 1999 28 Example: Exception Matching 1 For example if the thrown exception class is a NumberFormatException: public Ratio(int top, int bottom) throws NumberFormatException{ /* pre: bottom != 0 post: constructs a ratio equivalent to top/bottom */ if (bottom == 0) throw new NumberFormatException( "Denominator must not be 0"); this.numerator = top; this.denominator = bottom; } code based on Bailey pg. 8 It can be caught by a NumberFormatException or any of its superclasses:

29. ©Duane Szafron 1999 29 Example: Exception Matching 2 public static void main(String args[ ]) { Ratio r; try { r = new Ratio(1, 0); } catch (NumberFormatException anException) { // or IllegalArgumentException or RuntimeException or // Exception System.out.println(anException); r = new Ratio(); // initializes to 0/1 } System.out.println(r); } java.lang.NumberFormatException: Denominator must not be 0 0.0 code based on Bailey pg. 8

30. ©Duane Szafron 1999 30 Throwable Inheritance Hierarchy Object Error Throwable Exception LinkageClassNotFoundRuntime IllegalThreadState IllegalArgumentIndexOutOfBound NumberFormat User-Defined?

31. ©Duane Szafron 1999 31 User-defined Throwable Classes You can define your own Exception subclasses. This allows you to conditionally match only the Exceptions that you want to match. You can also define your own Error subclasses, although you cannot use them to “catch” errors.

32. ©Duane Szafron 1999 32 Example: User-defined Errors 1 For example, the implementation of the Assert class, uses a new error subclass: code from Bailey structure package static public void pre(boolean test, String message) // pre: result of precondition test. // post: does nothing if test true, otherwise abort w/message { if (test == false) throw new FailedPrecondition(message); }

33. ©Duane Szafron 1999 33 Example: User-defined Errors 2 class FailedAssertion extends Error { public FailedAssertion(String reason) // post: constructs a new failed assertion error { super("\nAssertion that failed: " + reason); } code from Bailey structure package class FailedPrecondition extends FailedAssertion { public FailedPrecondition(String reason) // post: constructs a new failed precondition { super("\nA precondition: " + reason); } } overrides Error Failed Assertion Failed Precondition subclass of

34. ©Duane Szafron 1999 34 “finally” and Multiple catches You can put multiple catch clauses in the try statement to handle different kinds of exceptions in different ways. If you want to execute some code, whether an exception was raised or not, you can use the optional finally clause. The syntax of a finally clause is: finally The is just a compound statement.

35. ©Duane Szafron 1999 35 Full Semantics of try-catch-finally 1 If an expression in the try block throws an exception: –the rest of the code in the try block is skipped. –If the exception “matches” the first catch clause the code in its catch block is run the optional code in the finally clause is run. the rest of the catch clauses are ignored. the rest of the code in the method is run.

36. ©Duane Szafron 1999 36 Full Semantics of try-catch-finally 2 –If the exception does not “match” the first catch clause, similar actions are taken for the first “matching” catch clause. –If the exception does not “match” any catch clause the optional code in the finally clause is run all other code in the method is abandoned the exception is thrown to the calling method.

37. ©Duane Szafron 1999 37 Example: finally & Multiple catches 1 public Ratio divide(Ratio other) throws Exception { /* pre: other is non-null pre: other is not zero post: return new fraction - the division of this and other */ if (other == null) throw new NullPointerException(); else if (other.numerator == 0) throw new ArithmeticException(); else return new Ratio(this.numerator*other.denominator, this.denominator*other.numerator); } } code based on Bailey pg. 9

38. ©Duane Szafron 1999 38 Example: finally & Multiple catches 2 public static void main(String args[ ]) { try { UseRatio.divide(new Ratio(1, 2), new Ratio(3,4)); // should work UseRatio.divide(new Ratio(1, 2), new Ratio(0,4)); // ArithmeticException caught in UseDivide() UseRatio.divide(new Ratio(1, 2), null); // NullPointerException caught in UseDivide() UseRatio.divide(null, new Ratio(3,4)); // NumberFormatException NOT caught in UseDivide() } catch (Exception anException) { System.out.println("NumberFormatException not caught by divide()"); } } code based on Bailey pg. 9

39. ©Duane Szafron 1999 39 Example: finally & Multiple catches 3 private static void divide(Ratio top, Ratio bottom) throws Exception /* Compute the division of top by bottom and report the answer. If top is null then change it to an invalid ratio 1/0 to generate a NumberFormatException that won't be caught. Catch the other exceptions: bottom is zero or bottom is null. */ Ratio answer; answer = null; try { if (top == null) top = new Ratio(1, 0); //Doesn’t make sense but throws // NumberFormat Exception answer = top.divide(bottom); } code based on Bailey pg. 9

40. ©Duane Szafron 1999 40 Example: finally & Multiple catches 4 catch (ArithmeticException anException) { System.out.println("Arithmetic Except: no div by 0"); answer = new Ratio(); } catch (NullPointerException anException) { System.out.println("NullPointerExcept: no div by null"); answer = new Ratio(); } finally { System.out.println("Finally the answer: " + answer); } // rest skipped for NumberFormat Exception since not caught System.out.println("End method answer: ” + answer.value()); } code based on Bailey pg. 9