1. Carrying the Burden: Understanding the Influences on Women’s Fuel-wood Collection Practices in Northeastern Tanzania Elizabeth Morrill Bates College Presentation for the Trans-Boundary Protected Areas Research Initiative Wednesday May 12, 2004

2. Study Site: Usambara Mountains Usambara Mountains have high biodiversity and endemism. Also serve as water catchments. Dense human populations. Livelihood is primarily farming. Concern for regional forests and their future existence.

3. Usambara Mountains

4. Focus of Work Gender dimensions of environment use looking at fuel-wood collection. Gendered roles, rights and responsibilities within the environment. Women’s effects on environment and the consequences of the environments health on women.

5. Theory: Feminist Political Ecology Gendered power and space in the environment. Gender division of… - Land use - Responsibility - Control/ownership

6. Methodology Gender sensitive research methods Beneficial information to community Multi-methods approach All techniques to understand the role of gender in the environment

7. Gender Sensitive Data Gathering Techniques Seasonal (harvest) Calendars Gender Resource Mapping Focus Groups Interviews, Participant Observation, Transect Walks.

8. Seasonal Calendars To gain information on people’s seasonal work schedules, times of stress, famines, financial difficulties, and environmental stresses. Help to better understand the gender differences or similarities of responsibilities, control, and labor.

9. Gender Resource Map Making To understand spatially male and female perspectives on the environment. To look more closely at power relationships within the environment. Examining how the landscape becomes engendered and the resulting consequences.

10. Example of Gender Map Making from Dianne Rocheleau’s work in Kenya

11. Focus Groups Better understanding perspectives. Consensus on shared knowledge. Reaffirming information Dialogue for groups to discuss ideas and problems

12. Other Research Methods Interviews Participant observation Transect walks

13. Benefits to Research Methods Gender sensitive information for conservation and development groups. Shared knowledge within local community. Addressing environmental and gender issues within community.

14. Results from Data “In-between” spaces Local forestry laws, formal and informal Women’s groups Spread of environmentalism Gendered control, permission required.

15. Further Studies Focus on male gender roles Critically looking at gendered spaces. Examining women’s groups more closely to look for furthering women’s empowerment. Applying ideas in local conservation and development plans.

16. References Rocheleau, Dianne, David Edmunds. 1997 “Women, Men and Trees: Gender, Power and Property in Forest and Agrarian Landscapes.” World Development, Aug, Vol. 25 Issue 8, p1351. Academic Search Premier. Rocheleau, Dianne. Thomas-Slayter, Barbara. Wangari, Esther. 1996. “Gender a Environment” In Feminist Political Ecology. Rocheleau, Dianne. Thomas-Slayter, Barbara. Wangari, Esther, eds. Routledge: New York. Thomas-Slayter, Barbara. Esser, Andrea Lee. Shields, M. Dale. Tools of Gender Analysis. ECOGEN Research project International Development Program. Clark University. July, 1993.