1. COMP102 – Programming Fundamentals I LA2B (Mon 5-7pm) LA2E (Fri 3-5pm) LA2F (Fri 5-7pm) TA: Jackie Lo

2. Lecture Review Character I/O  Constant Declaration: const char star = '*';  Variable Declaration: char letter;  Variable Assignment : letter = 'A'; letter = 65;  Input/Output: cin >> t >> x >> y >> z; cout << t << x << y << z << endl;

3. Lecture Review Predefined Function in  Classifying functions isupper(c) islower(c) isdigit(c) isalpha(c) isalnum(c) isspace(c)  Conversion functions tolower(c) toupper(c)

4. Lecture Review Read/Write One Character  get(char& character) Reads a single character from input stream  Including whitespace  Stored in character Syntax:  char character;  cin.get(character);  put(char character) Writes a single character to the output stream  From character Syntax:  char character = ‘a’;  cout.put(character);

5. Lecture Review File I/O  File External collection of data  Provided input to a program  Stored output from a program Stored on secondary storage permanently Must be  Opened before used  Closed after used  File I/O Operation related to file

6. Lecture Review Stream  Sequence of characters – user interactive  cin  Input stream associated with keyboard  cout  Output stream associated with display – file operation  ifstream  Defined input stream associated with file  ofstream  Defined output stream associated with file

7. Lecture Review E.g. #include … ifstream fin; … fin.open("filename.txt"); // connects stream fsIn to the external // file "filename.txt" … fin.close(); // disconnects the stream and associated file …

8. Lecture Review Read From File  Include the #include  Declare an input stream object ifstream fin;  Open an dedicated file fin.open(“filename.txt”);  Read from file file fin>>a; fin.get(b);  Close the file fin.close();

9. Lecture Review Write to File  Include the #include  Declare an input stream object ofstream fout;  Open an dedicated file fout.open(“filename.txt”);  Read from file file fout<<a; fout.put(b);  Close the file fout.close();

10. Lecture Review File I/O – Function  Read from file fin.eof()  Test for end-of-file condition fin.get(char& character)  Obtains the next character from the file stream  Put into the variable character  Output file fout.put(char character)  Inserts character to the output file stream

11. Lecture Review E.g. … ifstream fin; char character; fin.open(“data.txt”);// open the file fin.get(character);// get the first char while(!fin.eof()){// loop to read each character … fin.get(character); … } fin.close(); …

12. Summary By the end of this lab, you should be able to:  Read/Write/Manipulate char data type  Read/Write/Manipulate file with directive

13. Lab8 Download the template from website