1. Turning a research question into an effective search strategy Louise Clarke Bodleian Social Science Librarian Bodleian Social Science Library

2. Part 1: The literature review process

3. Relevant scholarly research Cross- searching Thesaurus Natural language Keywords Boolean Pearl- growing Citation chaining Part 2: Searching

4. Abstracting and indexing services Full-text databases Internet search engines Part 3: Search tools

5. Part 4: Alerts RSS reader New articles matching keywords Tables of contents from journals New citations referencing ‘parent article’

6. Part 5: Citations and bibliometrics Researcher 3 Cites researcher 2 Cites researcher 1 Impact

7. By the end of the session, you should: Understand the literature review process; Be able to plan an effective and structured search for your thesis; Know where to look for different types of information; Have evaluated different methods of searching; Have developed search skills that can be applied across different resources; Have had a chance to practise; Know where to come for future help. Learning outcomes

8. Part 1: The literature review process

9. Literature review discussion groups 1.Why is the literature review important? 2.Why be methodical? 3.How do you choose your search terms? 4.Where do you plan to search for the literature? 5.What sources are you trying to find?

10. Sources Primary SourceSuffragette posters and pamphlets Secondary SourceBook about female emancipation in Britain Tertiary SourceDictionary of feminism

11. In general a primary source is a work not based on or derived from another source (e.g. contemporary records, data, conference papers, photographs, working papers, etc.) Secondary sources include the use / analysis / interpretation of primary (and other) sources Consider the relationship between the researcher and the source in the context of the research topic Definitions of primary and secondary sources vary by discipline LOMBARD, E. 2010. Primary and Secondary Sources. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 36, 3, pp. 250-253. Sources

12. Grey literature refers to material not easily found through conventional publishing channels Produced by government agencies, NGO’s, IGOs, academic departments and research groups Includes working papers, policy documents, occasional papers, briefings, conference papers, newsletters, etc. Produced in print and electronic formats Ephemeral nature has implications for dissemination, identification and access – it is out there but may be hard to find Primary sources include grey literature

13. How to structure the literature review process 1.Preliminary searching and browsing – Scan abstracts and skim-read papers – Identify current directions of research – How will you contribute new knowledge? 2.Structured searching with appropriate syntax – Identify the key articles and heavily-cited papers – Establish key authors, organizations and sources – Commit to in-depth consideration and re-reading of papers 3.Develop search – Track citations to follow research connections – “Cast net more widely” in terms of resources searched – Set up alerts for new content Stay focused on the research question and keep a search log

14. Relevant scholarly research Cross- searching Thesaurus Natural language Keywords Boolean Pearl- growing Citation chaining Part 2: Searching

15. Start with a clear research question

16. Example research question Identify the search concepts in your research question: Do improved skills in information literacy increase the academic achievement of university students? For each search concept, brainstorm keywords: e.g. for information literacy also search for information skills, search skills, bibliographic instruction, user education, etc.

17. Search syntax: wildcard characters Truncation may be used in a number of ways: – * for right side truncation (e.g. plurals and alternative word endings) feminis* retrieves feminist, feminists, feminism – ? for a single character (e.g. alternative spellings) organi?ation for organisation or organization – $ for one character or zero characters behavio$r* retrieves behavior, behaviour, behavioral, etc Check the database online help (the symbols given above are common but not universal)

18. Search syntax: Boolean logic OR NOT university or oxford university not oxford AND university and oxford NARROWS SEARCH BROADENS SEARCH NARROWS SEARCH

19. Parentheses Use parentheses to group the order in which terms are searched academic achievement academic OR education* AND achievement OR success OR assessment OR result* OR standard* (academic OR education*) AND (achievement OR success OR assessment OR result* OR standard*)

20. Further search syntax Use the proximity operator NEAR to specify how close two words appear to each other – E.g. NEAR/4 Search for a phrase by using quote marks – “united kingdom” Limit your search to particular fields (title, author, abstract, keywords, etc.) Apply search filters such as date to limit a search

21. Do improved skills in information literacy increase the academic achievement of university students?

22. Example search string Search 1: information literacy information literacy OR information skills OR search* skills OR bibliographic instruction OR (“user education” AND librar*) Search 2: academic achievement (academic OR education*) AND (achievement OR success OR assessment OR result* OR standard*) Search 3: university students (university NEAR/4 student*) OR undergraduate* OR postgraduate* OR graduate* Final search string: #1 AND #2 AND #3

23. Example search results 457 Published Works results found in Multiple Databases – 200 ERIC (Education) – 257 LISA (Library and information science)

24. Database thesauri Keywords (descriptors) are assigned by the database editors from a set of controlled vocabulary (thesaurus) – May also be keywords assigned by the author A keyword search will look in the keywords field – May also look in the title, abstract and other descriptor fields Use database thesauri and subject headings to identify new and useful keywords

25. Thesaurus example – ERIC Academic Achievement – Use for: Academic Performance : Academic Progress : Academic Success : Educational Achievement : Educational Level : Scholastic Achievement : Student Achievement Narrower terms: Educational Attainment : Student Promotion Broader terms: Achievement Related terms: Academic Failure : Instructional Effectiveness http://search.proquest.com/professional/eric/index

26. Search examples - ERIC Search termFree text searchSubject heading “Academic Achievement”62,93559,970 “Academic Performance”6,03215 Search termFree text search “Academic Success”3,276 Academic Success16,506 Academic NEAR/6 Success5,449

27. Practical exercise 1: search string

28. Abstracting and indexing services Full-text databases Internet search engines Part 3: Search tools

29. SOLO http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk OxLIP+ http://oxlip-plus.bodleian.ox.ac.uk OU E-Journals http://ejournals.bodleian.ox.ac.uk Libguides http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ Single Sign On http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/webauth/oxfordusername.xmlhttp://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk http://oxlip-plus.bodleian.ox.ac.uk http://ejournals.bodleian.ox.ac.uk http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/webauth/oxfordusername.xml Access to online resources provided by the Bodleian Libraries

30. Cross - searching OxLIP+ Keyword searching of up to 5 Oxford databases – Limited to certain databases – Retrieval is unwieldy SOLO Journal Articles Search – Rough and ready – Produces poor results in many cases – Could be used as a “mop-up” search

31. Selecting databases for a literature review Tolan, P., Henry, D., Schoeny, M., Bass, A. & Tolan, P. 2008, "Mentoring interventions to affect juvenile delinquency and associated problems", Campbell Systematic Reviews, vol. 16.

32. Identifying search tools Ask yourself two questions: – What subject disciplines might be pertinent to my research topic? Economics, health, public policy, education, anthropology, sociology, geography, etc. – Which information formats might contain relevant research? Journal articles, discussion and working papers, books, official papers, datasets, websites, newspaper articles, etc. Next, take a look at the appropriate LibGuides – http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk

33. Major Platforms

34. Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) Dissertations and theses (full-text) International Bibliography of the Social Sciences National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS) Sociological Abstracts Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (WPSA)

35. International Bibliography of the Social Sciences http://search.proquest.com Disciplines: anthropology, cultural studies, demography, economics, education, political science, religious studies, sociology, etc. Broad coverage of international material Records indexed geographically as well as thematically http://search.proquest.com

36. – Dissertations and Theses The world’s most comprehensive collection of social science theses From 1997 onwards over a million full-text theses are available to download Dissertations from July 1980 onwards include a 350 word abstract Earlier dissertations offer citation information (dating back to 1637)

37. – IBSS – Search Syntax ageing NEAR/4 population OR declin* NEAR/4 (fertility OR birth) AND (family OR social) AND polic* AND Japan

38. EconLit Global Health Medline PsycINFO

39. Abstracts in Social Gerontology Business Source Complete Family & Society Studies Worldwide Historical Abstracts Philosopher’s Index

40. AnthropologyPlus ChicanoDatabase Francis Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliographies WorldCat

41. Primary Sources

42. Multi-regional Nexis UK (BBC Monitoring International Reports under Countries Tab) Factiva World News Connection Foreign Broadcast Information Service Emerging Markets Information Service Regional Nikkei Telecom21(Japanese news and finance) Russian Central newspapers Pravda (1912-2009) China Core Newspapers Database WiseSearch (China) Ethnic Newswatch (mainly US, ethnic publications) Archives Proquest (New York Times, Guardian, Observer, Washington Post) Separate Digital Archives available for the Times, FT and Economist Times of India archive currently available on trial News

43. News - comparison of content - example NexisFactiva MexicoEl Norte (Spanish; 2004-) Reforma (Spanish; 2004-) Mural (Spanish; 2004-) Palabra (Spanish; 2004-) El Norte (Spanish; 2004-) Reforma (Spanish; 2004-) El Universal (Spanish; 2002-) MoldovaMoldavskie Vedomosti (Russian; 2006-) Nezavisimaya Moldova (Russian; 2006-) NamibiaThe Namibian (English;1997-) NepalKathmandu Post (English; 2008-) Nepali Times (English; 2006-) Kathmandu Post (English; 2008-) Nepali Times (English; 2006-) NetherlandsDe Telegraaf (Dutch; 1999-) De Volksrant (Dutch; 1995-) NRC Handelsblad (Dutch; 1990-) Trouw (Dutch; 1992-) De Telegraaf (Dutch; 2008-)

44. Multi-regional ESDS International World Bank / UN / IMF OECD iLibrary Emerging Markets Information Service Regional Indiastat China Data Online Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) Latinobarómetro (via ESDS) Historical Statistics of the United States Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research archive (US) Russian State/CIS Statistical Publications Data and Statistics

45. Subject-specific websites, portals and current awareness services e.g. ELDIS and Social Policy Digest Academic institutions Governmental and Inter-Governmental Organisations NGO and campaigning sites Other access points e.g. SCOPUS, ZETOC, Open SIGLE Sources for grey literature

46. International Inter-governmental Organization webpage finder inc. UN and its subsidiaries: http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/IGOs.htm#UNSUBS http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/IGOs.htm#UNSUBS PolicyFILE: research organizations, think tanks, university programmes and NGOs listed: http://www.policyfile.com/organizations/organizations.do http://www.policyfile.com/organizations/organizations.do Forced Migration Online (FMO): Lists NGOs and IGOs, (search by country or subject): http://www.forcedmigration.org/research- resources/organizations http://www.forcedmigration.org/research- resources/organizations CIAO: lists many university research institutes http://www.ciaonet.org/main/wps.html http://www.ciaonet.org/main/wps.html Lists of IGO’s, NGO’s and Institutes

47. Theses and dissertations ProQuest Dissertations & Theses / Index to Theses / Ethos / ORA / SOLO Conference proceedings & working papers ZETOC (conference proceedings, British Library) Working papers generally available on institutional websites or subject based repositories such as REPEC (economics papers) Reports Oxford Analytica (Regional analysis) Country Reports (via Business Source Complete) World Development Reports, World Bank Etc. Declassified US Govt Docs / Forced Migration Online / Aluka Theses, conferences, reports, etc.

48. Secondary and Tertiary Sources

49. Major aggregators, e.g. JSTOR Full-text of over 1000 journals Moving wall All major publishers, e.g. SAGE, Wiley, OUP, CUP, Taylor and Francis, Brill Area journal collections China Academic Journals (CNKI) / China Online Journals (Wanfang) / Taiwan Electronic Periodical Services / JAIRO: Japanese Institutional Repositories Online / Central and Eastern European Online Library Full-text e-journals

51. E-books Packages, e.g. Oxford Scholarship Online Series, e.g. Handbooks in Economics (Elsevier) Individual titles listed in SOLO Google Books International Encyclopaedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences International Encyclopedia of Human Geography Online reference works

52. SOLO British Library Catalogue COPAC (UK) WorldCat (Global) Catalogues

53. Official Papers Legal Resources Systematic Reviews Special Collections Area Studies Subject-specific Research methods http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk / http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/libraries/subjects/librarians Maps Archives

54. Please log-in your PC Enter your: University Card Barcode Enter your: Library password NB: logs out after 20 minutes of inactivity If you have not yet set up your Library password: Enter: ssltxxx (where xxx is the number of the PC) and the password S4turn

55. Run your search string from exercise 1 in a relevant database (s) of your choice Explore the database search functionality / refine your search Email yourself relevant results for your research topic Practical exercise 2: Online searching

56. Part 4: Alerts RSS / Email New articles matching keywords Tables of contents from journals New citations referencing ‘parent article’

57. Set up RSS feeds for new content Register for an RSS feed reader

58. Practical exercise 3: Setting up alerts for new research

59. Part 5: Citations and bibliometrics Researcher 3 Cites researcher 2 Cites researcher 1 Impact

60. Use citations to: Locate current research based on earlier research Find out how many times, and where, a publication is being cited Identify who is referencing a particular paper Explore how a particular research topic is being used to support other research Analyze the impact of a publication on other research in the field Track the history of a research idea Keep track of your own research

61. Using citations to identify key papers and related research Web of Science

62. GAVEL, Y. and L. ISELID, 2008. Web of Science and Scopus: a journal title overlap study. Online Information Review,32, no. 1, pp. 8-21. Coverage

63. Web of Knowledge Citation Searching http://www.webofknowledge.com/WOS Identify current research based on earlier research Analyze the impact of a publication on other research in the field or across subject boundaries

64. Citation mapping (ISI WoS) Explore up to two generations of backward and forward citations

65. Using bibliometrics to assess impact citation counts h-index journal impact factor

66. Article Citation Count Example: ISI’s Web of Science, Dec 2011

67. Researcher H-index Example: ISI’s Web of Science, Dec 2011

68. Journal Impact Factor Example: ISI’s Web of Knowledge, Political Science, 2010

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