1. EECC550 - Shaaban #1 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 CPU Organization Datapath Design: –Capabilities & performance characteristics of principal Functional Units (FUs): –(e.g., Registers, ALU, Shifters, Logic Units,...) –Ways in which these components are interconnected (buses connections, multiplexors, etc.). –How information flows between components. Control Unit Design: –Logic and means by which such information flow is controlled. –Control and coordination of FUs operation to realize the targeted Instruction Set Architecture to be implemented (can either be implemented using a finite state machine or a microprogram). Hardware description with a suitable language, possibly using Register Transfer Notation (RTN).

2. EECC550 - Shaaban #2 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Major CPU Design Steps 1Using independent RTN, write the micro- operations required for target ISA instructions. 2Construct the datapath required by the micro- operations identified in step 1. 3Identify and define the function of all control signals needed by the datapath. 3Control unit design, based on micro-operation timing and control signals identified: -Combinational logic: For single cycle CPU. -Hard-Wired: Finite-state machine implementation. -Microprogrammed. (Chapter 5.1 - 5.3)

3. EECC550 - Shaaban #3 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 CPU Design & Implantation Process Top-down Design: –Specify component behavior from high-level requirements (ISA). Bottom-up Design: –Assemble components in target technology to establish critical timing (hardware delays). Iterative refinement: –Establish a partial solution, expand and improve. Datapath Control Processor Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Provides Requirements Reg. FileMuxALURegMemDecoderSequencer CellsGates

4. EECC550 - Shaaban #4 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Datapath Design Steps Write the micro-operation sequences required for a number of representative target ISA instructions using independent RTN. Independent RTN statements specify: the required datapath components and how they are connected. From the above, create an initial datapath by determining possible destinations for each data source (i.e registers, ALU). –This establishes connectivity requirements (data paths, or connections) for datapath components. –Whenever multiple sources are connected to a single input, a multiplexor of appropriate size is added. Find the worst-time propagation delay in the datapath to determine the datapath clock cycle (CPU clock cycle). Complete the micro-operation sequences for all remaining instructions adding datapath components + connections/multiplexors as needed.

5. EECC550 - Shaaban #5 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 MIPS Instruction Formats op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. rs, rt, rd: The source and destination register specifiers. shamt: Shift amount. funct: Selects the variant of the operation in the “op” field. address / immediate: Address offset or immediate value. target address: Target address of the jump instruction. optarget address 02631 6 bits26 bits oprsrtrdshamtfunct 061116212631 6 bits 5 bits oprsrt immediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits R-Type I-Type: ALU Load/Store, Branch J-Type: Jumps

6. EECC550 - Shaaban #6 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 MIPS R-Type (ALU) Instruction Fields op: Opcode, basic operation of the instruction. – For R-Type op = 0 rs: The first register source operand. rt: The second register source operand. rd: The register destination operand. shamt: Shift amount used in constant shift operations. funct: Function, selects the specific variant of operation in the op field. OPrs rt rdshamtfunct 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 6 bits R-Type: All ALU instructions that use three registers add $1,$2,$3 sub $1,$2,$3 and $1,$2,$3 or $1,$2,$3 Examples: Destination register in rd Operand register in rt Operand register in rs

7. EECC550 - Shaaban #7 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 MIPS ALU I-Type Instruction Fields I-Type ALU instructions that use two registers and an immediate value Loads/stores, conditional branches. op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. rs: The register source operand. rt: The result destination register. immediate: Constant second operand for ALU instruction. OPrs rt immediate 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 16 bits add immediate:addi $1,$2,100 and immediateandi $1,$2,10 Examples: Result register in rt Source operand register in rs Constant operand in immediate

8. EECC550 - Shaaban #8 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 MIPS Load/Store I-Type Instruction Fields op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. –For load op = 35, for store op = 43. rs: The register containing memory base address. rt: For loads, the destination register. For stores, the source register of value to be stored. address: 16-bit memory address offset in bytes added to base register. OPrs rt address 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 16 bits Store word: sw 500($4), $3 Load word: lw $1, 30($2) Examples: Offset base register in rs source register in rt Destination register in rt Offset base register in rs Signed address offset in bytes

9. EECC550 - Shaaban #9 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 MIPS Branch I-Type Instruction Fields op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. rs: The first register being compared rt: The second register being compared. address: 16-bit memory address branch target offset in words added to PC to form branch address. OPrs rt address 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 16 bits Branch on equal beq $1,$2,100 Branch on not equal bne $1,$2,100 Examples: Register in rs Register in rt offset in bytes equal to instruction field address x 4 Signed address offset in words

10. EECC550 - Shaaban #10 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 MIPS J-Type Instruction Fields op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. –Jump j op = 2 –Jump and link jal op = 3 jump target: jump memory address in words. J-Type: Include jump j, jump and link jal OP jump target 6 bits 26 bits Branch on equal j 10000 Branch on not equal jal 10000 Examples: Jump memory address in bytes equal to instruction field jump target x 4 jump target = 2500 4 bits 26 bits 2 bits 0 PC(31-28) Effective 32-bit jump address: PC(31-28),jump_target,00 From PC+4

11. EECC550 - Shaaban #11 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 A Subset of MIPS Instructions ADD and SUB: addU rd, rs, rt subU rd, rs, rt OR Immediate: ori rt, rs, imm16 LOAD and STORE Word lw rt, rs, imm16 sw rt, rs, imm16 BRANCH: beq rs, rt, imm16 oprsrtrdshamtfunct 061116212631 6 bits 5 bits oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits

12. EECC550 - Shaaban #12 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Basic Instruction Processing Steps Obtain instruction from program storage Determine instruction type Obtain operands from registers Compute result value or status Store result in register/memory if needed (usually called Write Back). Update program counter to address of next instruction } Common steps for all instructions Instruction Fetch Instruction Decode Execute Result Store Next Instruction Instruction  Mem[PC] PC  PC + 4 Done by Control Unit

13. EECC550 - Shaaban #13 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Overview of MIPS Instruction Micro-operations All instructions go through these common steps: –Send program counter to instruction memory and fetch the instruction. (fetch) Instruction  Mem[PC] –Update the program counter to point to next instruction PC  PC + 4 –Read one or two registers, using instruction fields. (decode) Load reads one register only. Additional instruction execution actions (execution) depend on the instruction in question, but similarities exist: –All instruction classes use the ALU after reading the registers: Memory reference instructions use it for address calculation. Arithmetic and logic instructions (R-Type), use it for the specified operation. Branches use it for comparison. Additional execution steps where instruction classes differ: –Memory reference instructions: Access memory for a load or store. –Arithmetic and logic instructions: Write ALU result back in register. –Branch instructions: Change next instruction address based on comparison.

14. EECC550 - Shaaban #14 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 A Single Cycle MIPS CPU Implementation Design target: A single-cycle per instruction MIPS CPU implementation All micro-operations of an instruction are to be carried out in a single system clock cycle. Cycles Per Instruction = CPI = 1 CPI = 1

15. EECC550 - Shaaban #15 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Word  Mem[PC]Fetch the instruction PC  PC + 4Increment PC R[rd]  R[rs] + R[rt]Add register rs to register rt result in register rd R-Type Example: Micro-Operation Sequence For ADDU OPrs rt rdshamtfunct 6 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 5 bits 6 bits addU rd, rs, rt Independent RTN ?

16. EECC550 - Shaaban #16 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Initial Datapath Components Initial Datapath Components Two state elements (memory) needed to store and access instructions: 1 Instruction memory: Only read access (by user code). No read control signal. 2 Program counter (PC): 32-bit register. Written at end of every clock cycle: No write control signal. 3 32-bit Adder: To compute the the next instruction address. Instruction Word 32 Three components needed by: Instruction Fetch: Instruction  Mem[PC] Program Counter Update: PC  PC + 4

17. EECC550 - Shaaban #17 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 More Datapath Components Register File: Contains all ISA registers. Two read ports and one write port. Register writes by asserting write control signal Writes are edge-triggered. Can read and write to the same register in the same clock cycle. ISA Register File Main 32-bit ALU 32 32-bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

18. EECC550 - Shaaban #18 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Register File consists of 32 registers: –Two 32-bit output busses: busA and busB –One 32-bit input bus: busW Register is selected by: –RA (number) selects the register to put on busA (data): busA = R[RA] –RB (number) selects the register to put on busB (data): busB = R[RB] –RW (number) selects the register to be written via busW (data) when Write Enable is 1 Write Enable: R[RW]  busW Clock input (CLK) –The CLK input is a factor ONLY during write operations. –During read operation, it behaves as a combinational logic block: RA or RB valid => busA or busB valid after “access time.” Register File Details Clk busW Write Enable 32 busA 32 busB 555 RWRARB 32 32-bit Registers

19. EECC550 - Shaaban #19 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 A Possible Register File Implementation 5-to-32 Decoder Register 0 Write Data In Data Out Register 1 Write Data In Data Out Register 30 Write Data In Data Out Register 31 Write Data In Data Out............ 32-to-1 MUX 0101 30 31 32...... 5 32-to-1 MUX 0101 30 31 32...... 5............. 0 1 30 31 5... Register Read Data 1 (Bus A) Register Read Data 2 (Bus B) Read Register 1 (RA) Read Register 2 (RB) Register Write Data (Bus W) 32 Register Write Enable (RegWrite) Write Register RW Clk busW Write Enable 32 busA 32 busB 555 RWRARB 32 32-bit Registers (Appendix B - The Basics of Logic Design)

20. EECC550 - Shaaban #20 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Idealized Memory Memory (idealized) –One input bus: Data In. –One output bus: Data Out. Memory word is selected by: –Address selects the word to put on Data Out bus. –Write Enable = 1: address selects the memory word to be written via the Data In bus. Clock input (CLK): –The CLK input is a factor ONLY during write operation, –During read operation, this memory behaves as a combinational logic block: Address valid => Data Out valid after “access time.” Ideal Memory = Short access time. Clk Data In Write Enable 32 DataOut Address

21. EECC550 - Shaaban #21 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Building The Datapath Portion of the datapath used for fetching instructions and incrementing the program counter. Instruction Fetch & PC Update: PC  PC + 4 Instruction  Mem[PC] 32

22. EECC550 - Shaaban #22 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Simplified Datapath For MIPS R-Type Instructions Components and connections as specified by RTN statement R[rd]  R[rs] + R[rt] 32 rs rt rd R[rs] R[rt] From Instruction Memory

23. EECC550 - Shaaban #23 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 More Detailed Datapath For R-Type Instructions With Control Points Identified 32 Result ALUctr Clk busW RegWr 32 busA 32 busB 555 RwRaRb 32 32-bit Registers RsRtRd ALU R[rd]  R[rs] + R[rt] R[rs] R[rt]

24. EECC550 - Shaaban #24 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 R-Type Register-Register Timing 32 Result ALUct r Clk busW RegWr 32 busA 32 busB 555 RwRaRb 32 32-bit Registers RsRtRd ALU Clk PC Rs, Rt, Rd, Op, Func Clk-to-Q ALUctr Instruction Memory Access Time Old Value New Value RegWrOld Value New Value Delay through Control Logic busA, B Register File Access Time Old Value New Value busW ALU Delay Old Value New Value Old Value New Value Old Value Register Write Occurs Here

25. EECC550 - Shaaban #25 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Word  Mem[PC]Fetch the instruction PC  PC + 4Increment PC R[rt]  R[rs] OR ZeroExt[imm16]OR register rs with immediate field zero extended to 32 bits, result in register rt Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For ORI Logical Operations with Immediate Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For ORI oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits ori rt, rs, imm16

26. EECC550 - Shaaban #26 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Datapath For Logical Instructions With Immediate R[rt]  R[rs] OR ZeroExt[imm16] 32 Result ALUctr Clk busW RegWr 32 busA 32 busB 555 RwRaRb 32 32-bit Registers Rs Rt RtRd RegDst ZeroExt Mux 32 16 imm16 ALUSrc ALU 01 R[rs] R[rt] 2x1 MUX (width 5 bits) 2x1 MUX (width 32 bits)

27. EECC550 - Shaaban #27 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Word  Mem[PC]Fetch the instruction PC  PC + 4Increment PC R[rt]  Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]Immediate field sign extended to 32 bits and added to register rs to form memory load address, word at load address to register rt Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For LW Load Operations Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For LW oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits lw rt, rs, imm16 Data Memory Instruction Memory Effective Address Address offset in bytes

28. EECC550 - Shaaban #28 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Additional Datapath Components For Loads & Stores Inputs: for address and write (store) data Output for read (load) result 16-bit input sign-extended into a 32-bit value at the output For SignExt[imm16] 32

29. EECC550 - Shaaban #29 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Datapath For Loads R[rt]  Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]

30. EECC550 - Shaaban #30 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Word  Mem[PC]Fetch the instruction PC  PC + 4Increment PC Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]  R[rt] Immediate field sign extended to 32 bits and added to register rs to form memory store address, register rt written to memory at store address. Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For SW Store Operations Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For SW oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits sw rt, rs, imm16 Effective Address Address offset in bytes

31. EECC550 - Shaaban #31 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Datapath For Stores Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]  R[rt]

32. EECC550 - Shaaban #32 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Word  Mem[PC] Fetch the instruction PC  PC + 4 Increment PC Zero  R[rs] - R[rt] Calculate the branch condition R[rs] == R[rt] (i.e R[rs] - R[rt] = 0 ) Zero : PC  PC + 4 + ( SignExt(imm16) x 4 ) Calculate the next instruction’s PC address Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For BEQ Conditional Branch Example : Micro-Operation Sequence For BEQ oprsrtimmediate 016212631 6 bits16 bits5 bits beqrs, rt, imm16 Branch Target PC Offset in words

33. EECC550 - Shaaban #33 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Datapath For Branch Instructions ALU to evaluate branch condition New adder to compute branch target: Sum of incremented PC and the sign-extended lower 16-bits on the instruction. Main ALU Evaluates Branch Condition (subtract) R[rs] R[rt] Zero flag =1 if R[rs] = R[rt] = 0 New 32-bit Adder (Third ALU) for Branch Target

34. EECC550 - Shaaban #34 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 More Detailed Datapath For Branch Operations Clk busW RegWr 32 busA 32 busB 555 RwRaRb 32 32-bit Registers Rs Rt Equal? Zero 32 imm16 PC Clk 00 Adder Mux Adder 4 PCSrc PC Ext Instruction Address 32 Branch Zero PC+4 Branch Target 0 1 Main ALU (subtract ) Branch Target ALU New 2X1 32-bit MUX to select next PC value Sign extend shift left 2 PC

35. EECC550 - Shaaban #35 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Combining The Datapaths For Memory Instructions and R-Type Instructions Highlighted muliplexors and connections added to combine the datapaths of memory and R-Type instructions into one datapath (This is book version ORI not supported) rs rt R[rs] R[rt] 0 1 1 0 rt/rd MUX not shown

36. EECC550 - Shaaban #36 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Fetch Datapath Added to ALU R-Type and Memory Instructions Datapath R[rs] R[rt] 1 0 0 1 rs rt PC+ 4 PC (This is book version ORI not supported, no zero extend of immediate needed) rt/rd MUX not shown

37. EECC550 - Shaaban #37 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 A Simple Datapath For The MIPS Architecture Datapath of branches and a program counter multiplexor are added. Resulting datapath can execute in a single cycle the basic MIPS instruction: - load/store word - ALU operations - Branches 1 0 0 1 PC +4 Branch Target rt/rd MUX not shown (This is book version ORI not supported, no zero extend of immediate needed)

38. EECC550 - Shaaban #38 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Single Cycle MIPS Datapath Necessary multiplexors and control lines are identified here: (This is book version ORI not supported, no zero extend of immediate needed)

39. EECC550 - Shaaban #39 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Putting It All Together: A Single Cycle Datapath imm16 32 ALUctr Clk busW RegWr 32 busA 32 busB 555 RwRaRb 32 32-bit Registers Rs Rt Rd RegDst Extender Mux 32 16 imm16 ALUSrc ExtOp Mux MemtoReg Clk Data In WrEn 32 Adr Data Memory MemWr ALU Zero Instruction 0 1 0 1 0 1 Imm16RdRtRs = Adder PC Clk 00 Mux 4 PCSrc PC Ext Adr Inst Memory Branch Zero 0 1 PC+4 Branch Target R[rs] R[rt] (Includes ORI) Main ALU

40. EECC550 - Shaaban #40 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Word  Mem[PC]Fetch the instruction PC  PC + 4Increment PC PC  PC(31-28),jump_target,00 Update PC with jump address : Micro-Operation Sequence For Jump: J Adding Support For Jump : Micro-Operation Sequence For Jump: J OP Jump_target 6 bits 26 bits j jump_target jump target = 2500 4 bits 26 bits 2 bits 0 PC(31-28) Jump Address Jump address in words

41. EECC550 - Shaaban #41 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Datapath For Jump 32 PC Clk 00 Mux PCSrc imm16 Adder 4 PC Ext Next Instruction Address Mux JUMP Shift left 2 jump_target Instruction(15-0) Instruction(25-0) 32 26 PC+4(31-28) 28 32 4 0 1 PC+4 Branch Zero Branch Target Jump Address PC

42. EECC550 - Shaaban #42 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 RegDst ALUctr ALUSrc MemtoReg Instruction Imm16RdRsRt Adr Instruction Memory DATA PATH ExtOp MemWr Control Unit Op Fun Branch RegWr Jump_target Jump Control Lines

43. EECC550 - Shaaban #43 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Single Cycle MIPS Datapath Extended To Handle Jump with Control Unit Added (This is book version ORI not supported, no zero extend of immediate needed)

44. EECC550 - Shaaban #44 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Control Signal Generation addsuborilwswbeqjump RegDst ALUSrc MemtoReg RegWrite MemWrite Branch Jump ExtOp ALUctr 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 x Add 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 x Subtract 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Or 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Add x 1 x 0 1 0 0 1 x 0 x 0 0 1 0 x Subtract x x x 0 0 0 1 x xxx func op00 0000 00 110110 001110 101100 010000 0010 Appendix A 10 0000See10 0010Don’t Care Control lines for Main ALU

45. EECC550 - Shaaban #45 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 The Concept of Local Decoding Main Control op 6 ALU Control (Local) func N 6 ALUop ALUctr 3 ALU

46. EECC550 - Shaaban #46 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Local Decoding of “func” Field R-typeorilwswbeqjump ALUop (Symbolic)“R-type”OrAdd Subtract xxx ALUop 1 000 100 00 0 01 xxx Main Control op 6 ALU Control (Local) func N 6 ALUop ALUctr 3 funct Instruction Operation 10 0000 10 0010 10 0100 10 0101 10 1010 add subtract and or set-on-less-than ALUctr ALU Operation 000 001 010 110 111 Add Subtract And Or Set-on-less-than ALUctr ALU (From Chapter 4)

47. EECC550 - Shaaban #47 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 The Truth Table for ALUctr R-typeorilwswbeq ALUop (Symbolic) “R-type”OrAdd Subtract ALUop 1 000 100 00 0 01 funct Instruction Op. 0000 0010 0100 0101 1010 add subtract and or set-on-less-than

48. EECC550 - Shaaban #48 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 The Truth Table For The Main Control

49. EECC550 - Shaaban #49 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Example: RegWrite Logic Equation R-typeorilwswbeqjump RegWrite111000 op00 000000 110110 001110 101100 010000 0010 RegWrite = R-type + ori + lw = !op & !op & !op & !op & !op & !op (R-type) + !op & !op & op & op & !op & op (ori) + op & !op & !op & !op & op & op (lw) op.... op.. op.. op.. op.. R-typeorilwswbeqjump RegWrite

50. EECC550 - Shaaban #50 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 PLA Implementation of the Main Control op.... op.. op.. op.. op.. R-typeorilwswbeqjump RegWrite ALUSrc MemtoReg MemWrite Branch Jump RegDst ExtOp ALUop

51. EECC550 - Shaaban #51 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Clk PC Rs, Rt, Rd, Op, Func Clk-to-Q ALUctr Instruction Memoey Access Time Old ValueNew Value RegWrOld ValueNew Value Delay through Control Logic busA Register File Access Time Old ValueNew Value busB ALU Delay Old ValueNew Value Old ValueNew Value Old Value ExtOpOld ValueNew Value ALUSrcOld ValueNew Value MemtoRegOld ValueNew Value AddressOld ValueNew Value busWOld ValueNew Delay through Extender & Mux Register Write Occurs Data Memory Access Time Worst Case Timing (Load)

52. EECC550 - Shaaban #52 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Instruction Timing Comparison PCInst Memory mux ALUData Mem mux PCReg FileInst Memory mux ALU mux PCInst Memory mux ALUData Mem PCInst Memorycmp mux Reg File Arithmetic & Logical Load Store Branch Critical Path setup

53. EECC550 - Shaaban #53 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Simplified Single Cycle Datapath Timing Assuming the following datapath/control hardware components delays: –Memory Units: 2 ns –ALU and adders: 2 ns –Register File: 1 ns –Control Unit < 1 ns Ignoring Mux and clk-to-Q delays, critical path analysis: Instruction Memory Register Read Main ALU Data Memory Register Write PC + 4 ALU Branch Target ALU Control Unit Time 0 2ns 3ns 4ns 5ns 7ns 8ns Critical Path (Load) Obtained from low-level target technology implementation of components

54. EECC550 - Shaaban #54 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Performance of Single-Cycle (CPI=1) CPU Assuming the following datapath hardware components delays: –Memory Units: 2 ns –ALU and adders: 2 ns –Register File: 1 ns The delays needed for each instruction type can be found : The clock cycle is determined by the instruction with longest delay: The load in this case which is 8 ns. Clock rate = 1 / 8 ns = 125 MHz A program with I = 1,000,000 instructions executed takes: Execution Time = T = I x CPI x C = 10 6 x 1 x 8x10 -9 = 0.008 s = 8 msec Instruction Instruction Register ALU Data Register Total Class Memory Read Operation Memory Write Delay ALU 2 ns 1 ns 2 ns 1 ns 6 ns Load 2 ns 1 ns 2 ns 2 ns 1 ns 8 ns Store 2 ns 1 ns 2 ns 2 ns 7 ns Branch 2 ns 1 ns 2 ns 5 ns Jump 2 ns 2 ns Load has longest delay of 8 ns thus determining the clock cycle of the CPU to be 8ns Nano second, ns = 10 -9 second

55. EECC550 - Shaaban #55 Lec # 4 Winter 2003 12-16-2003 Drawback of Single Cycle Processor Long cycle time: –Cycle time must be long enough for the load instruction: PC’s Clock -to-Q + Instruction Memory Access Time + Register File Access Time + ALU Delay (address calculation) + Data Memory Access Time + Register File Setup Time + Clock Skew All instructions must take as much time as the slowest –Cycle time for load is longer than needed for all other instructions. Real memory is not as well-behaved as idealized memory –Cannot always complete data access in one (short) cycle. Does not allow overlap of instruction processing (instruction pipelining, chapter 6).