1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Chapter 7 Costs and supply David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008 PowerPoint presentation by Alex Tackie and Damian Ward

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Choosing output COSTS REVENUES Technology & costs of hiring factors of production TC curves (short & long run) AC (short & long run) MC Demand curve AR MR CHECK: produce in SR? close down in LR? Choose output level

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The production function The amount of output produced depends upon the inputs used in the production process A factor of production (“input”) is any good or service used to produce output The production function specifies the maximum output which can be produced given inputs

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Short run vs. long run The short run is the period in which a firm can make only partial adjustment of inputs E.g. the firm may be able to vary the amount of labour, but cannot change capital. The long run is the period in which a firm can adjust all inputs to changed conditions. The long run total cost curve describes the minimum cost of producing each output level when the firm is free to vary all input levels.

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Average cost The average cost of production is total cost divided by the level of output. Long-run average cost (LAC) is often assumed to be U-shaped: LAC Average cost Output

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Economies of scale Economies of scale – or increasing returns to scale – occur when long-run average costs decline as output rises: LAC Average cost Output

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Decreasing returns to scale occur when long-run average costs rise as output rises: LAC Average cost Output

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Constant returns to scale occur when long-run average costs are constant as output rises: LAC Average cost Output

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The firm’s long-run output decision The decision: –If the price is at or above LAC 1 the firm produces Q 1 –If the price is below LAC 1 the firm goes out of business NB: LMC always passes through the minimum point of LAC. AC 1 £ Output (goods per week) MR LAC LMC Q1Q1 LMC = MR

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The short run Fixed factor of production –a factor whose input level cannot be varied Fixed costs –costs that do not vary with output levels Variable costs –costs that do vary with output levels STC = SFC + SVC

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The marginal product of labour The marginal product of labour is the increase in output obtained by adding 1 unit of the variable factor but holding constant the inputs of all other factors. Labour is often assumed to be the variable factor –with capital fixed.

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The law of diminishing returns Holding all factors constant except one, the law of diminishing returns says that: beyond some value of the variable input further increases in the variable input lead to steadily decreasing marginal product of that input. E.g. trying to increase labour input without also increasing capital will bring diminishing returns.

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The firm’s short-run output decision Firm sets output at Q 1, where SMC=MR subject to checking the average condition: –if price is above SATC 1 firm produces Q 1 at a profit –if price is between SATC 1 and SAVC 1 firm produces Q 1 at a loss –if price is below SAVC 1 firm produces zero output. SAVC 1 £ Output MR SAVC SMC Q1Q1 SATC SATC 1 SMC = MR

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The long-run average cost curve LAC Output Average cost SATC 1 Each plant size is designed for a given output level SATC 2 SATC 3 SATC 4 So there is a sequence of SATC curves, each corresponding to a different optimal output level. LAC In the long-run, plant size itself is variable, and the long-run average cost curve LAC is found to be the ‘envelope’ of the SATCs

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The firm’s output decisions – a summary