1. COMP 110 Introduction to Programming Mr. Joshua Stough October 8, 2007

2. Announcements Recitation this week: –more practice writing methods Reminder: –Program 3 due Wednesday –Homework 4 due Wednesday

3. Review public static int countCharInWord (char ch, String word) method name return type formal parameter list The parameter list specifies the type and name of each parameter The name of a parameter in the method declaration is called a formal argument A method declaration begins with a method header visibility modifiers

4. Review The method header is followed by the method body { int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i<word.length(); i++) { if (word.charAt(i) == ch) { count++; } return count; } The return expression must be consistent with the return type ch and word are local data They are created each time the method is called, and are destroyed when it finishes executing public static int countCharInWord (char ch, String word)

5. Review Each time a method is called, the actual parameters in the call are copied into the formal parameters int num = countCharInWord ('e', "Heels"); { int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i<word.length(); i++) { if (word.charAt(i) == ch) { count++; } return count; } public static int countCharInWord (char ch, String word)

6. Data Scope The scope of data is the area in a program in which that data can be used (referenced) Data declared at the class level can be used by all methods in that class Data declared within a method can be used only in that method –also called local data Key to determining scope is to look for blocks of code (surrounded by { }) –variables declared inside { } cannot be used outside

7. Data Scope Example public class Rectangle { // variables declared here are class-level // available in all methods in Rectangle class public int computeArea() { // variables declared here are method-level // only available in computeArea() } public void print() { // variables declared here are method-level // only available in print() }

8. Overloading Methods Overloading - the process of using the same method name for multiple methods The signature of each overloaded method must be unique –number of parameters –type of the parameters –not the return type of the method, though The compiler determines which version of the method is being invoked by analyzing the parameters

9. Overloading Methods public static double tryMe (int x) { return x +.375; } Version 1 public static double tryMe (int x, float y) { return x*y; } Version 2 Invocation result = tryMe (25, 4.32)

10. Overloaded Methods println Example The println method is overloaded: println (String s) println (int i) println (double d) and so on... The following lines invoke different versions of the println method: System.out.println ("The total is:"); System.out.println (total);

11. Class/Method Style Above each class header –box-like comment describing the member variables, private methods, and public methods Above each method header –box-like comment describing the purpose of the method, including any parameters it takes and any data returned

12. Style Example /********************************************************** * Rectangle * * Member Variables: * int length - represents the length of the rectangle * int width - represents the width of the rectangle * Private Methods: none * Public Methods: *... * int computeArea() - returns area as an integer *********************************************************/ public class Rectangle { // variables and other methods omitted /**************************************************** * computeArea * * Returns the area of the rectangle (width * length) ***************************************************/ public int computeArea() { // method body omitted }

13. Question Writing Methods Write a method called sum100 that returns the sum of the integers from 1 to 100, inclusive. Steps: –write the method header public static returnType methodName (formal parameters) –think about the problem and develop an algorithm for solving the problem –write the method body

14. Solution Writing Methods { int sum = 0; for (int num = 1; num<=100; num++) { sum += num; } return sum; } public static int sum100 ()

15. Question Writing Methods Write a method called larger that accepts two double parameters and returns true if the first parameter is greater than the second and false otherwise.

16. Solution Writing Methods { if (num1 > num2) { return true; } return false; } public static boolean larger (double num1, double num2)

17. Question Writing Methods Write a method called average that accepts two integer parameters and returns their average as a double. { int sum = num1 + num2; return (sum / 2.0); } public static double average (int num1, int num2)

18. Question Overloading Methods Overload the average method such that if three integers are provided as parameters, the method returns the average of all three. Write another method with the same name that has a different parameter list. { int sum = num1 + num2 + num3; return (sum / 3.0); } public static double average (int num1, int num2, int num3)

19. Objects and Classes An object's data type is a class The class contains the data types that make up the object and what methods can operate on the object –properties (data members, or member variables) –actions (methods)

20. class Rectangle Data Members and Operations class name data members methods

21. Rectangle.java So Far public class Rectangle { // data members private int length; private int width; // methods // setLength // setWidth // getLength // getWidth // computePerimeter // computeArea // print } //public void setLength (int l) //public void setWidth (int w) //public int getLength() //public int getWidth() //public int computePerimeter() //public int computeArea() //public void print() only methods from the Rectangle class can directly access the data members

22. Implementing Rectangle... { length = l; } public void setLength (int l) public void setWidth (int w) { width = w; } Remember: according to scope rules, the methods in Rectangle can directly access width and length.

23. Implementing Rectangle... public int getLength() { return length; } { return width; } public int getWidth()

24. Implementing Rectangle... public int computePerimeter() { return (width*2 + length*2); } { return (width * length); } public int computeArea()

25. Implementing Rectangle... public void print() { System.out.print ("The perimeter of the " + length + "x" + width); System.out.print (" rectangle is " + computePerimeter()); System.out.println (" and the area is " + computeArea()); }

26. Creating an Object Before we can access the members (variables and methods) of a class, we have to instantiate, or create, an object Rectangle r = new Rectangle(); class name variable name reserved word constructor method use empty parentheses when no parameter to method

27. Constructors A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize a newly created object When writing a constructor, remember that: –it has the same name as the class –it does not return a value –it has no return type, not even void –it typically sets the initial values of instance variables The programmer does not have to, but usually should, define a constructor for a class

28. Constructor public Rectangle (int l, int w) { length = l; width = w; } public class Rectangle { private int length; private int width; Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle (5, 10); public Rectangle () { length = 0; width = 0; }

29. Rectangle.java Typical Order in the Java Source File: –data members –constructor(s) –other methods

30. Instance Data The length and width variables in the Rectangle class are called instance data –each instance (object) of the Rectangle class have its own width and length variables Every time a Rectangle object is created, new width and length variables are created as well The objects of a class share the method definitions, but each has its own data space –the only way two objects can have different states -- two different memory locations

31. Rectangles in Memory Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle (20, 30); 3800 4500 r1 r2 3800 4500 5 10 20 30 Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle (5, 10);

32. r 2500 2 3 Using the Rectangle Class Create an object: Rectangle r; r = new Rectangle(2, 3); OR Rectangle r = new Rectangle(2, 3); Use the object and the dot operator to access methods: r.setLength(5); r.setWidth(10); r 2 3 2500 510

33. Visibility Modifiers public visibility –can be accessed from anywhere private visibility –can only be accessed from inside the class (inside the same Java source file) default visibility –members declared without a visibility modifier –can be accessed by any class in the same package public class Rectangle { private int length; private int width; } public Rectangle () { length = 0; width = 0; }...

34. Visibility Modifiers Guidelines Usually declare data members with private visibility Declare methods that clients (other classes) are supposed to call with public visibility –service methods Declare methods that only other methods in the class are supposed to call with private visibility –support methods

35. UML Diagram Top box: name of class Middle box: data members and their data types Bottom box: member methods’ names, parameter list, return type of method + means public - means private Rectangle -length: int -width: int +Rectangle() +Rectangle(int, int) +setLength(int): void +setWidth(int): void +getLength(): int +getWidth(): int +computePerimeter(): int +computeArea(): int +print(): void

36. Driver Programs Classes containing the main method that we use to test our classes It's very useful to first write your classes and write a driver program to test them.

37. computeArea(); computeAreaprint Method Control Flow The called method can be within the same class as the caller, in which case only the method name is needed

38. print computeArea computeArea(); obj.print(); main Method Control Flow The called method can be part of another class or object

39. RectangleTester.java Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(); Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle (20, 30); r1.setWidth(5); r1.setLength(10); r1.print(); r2.print(); Must be looking at class with main method to run the program Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: main Don't forget to re-compile files after making changes

40. Thought Exercise Write a method for the Rectangle class called printBox that will print the rectangle as a box made of % example: length = 3, width = 5 %%% % %%%

41. Next Time in COMP 110 More writing classes Homework 4 / Program 3 due Wednesday Reading: Ch 7, review