1. Lab CPA1 LAB CPA. CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND APPROVAL OF VIOLENCE The Research Questions 1. Do nations where corporal punishment is used by many parents have social norms which accept or approve of violence between husband and wife? 2. Does this apply only to men, only to women, to both? Importance Of Answering These Questions Scientific importance: Could be one of the factors that explain why CP is associated with an increased probability of partner violence (the goal of science is to explain why things are the way they are) Practical importance: If it is part of the explanation, it suggests that efforts to prevent partner violence should start with ending CP Difference between prevention and treatment Result would not be much help in treating people who are violent to a partner Could be a great help in preventing the next generation of PV Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. Straus

2. Lab CPA2 METHODOLOGY YOU WILL LEARN TO UNDERSTAND FROM THIS LAB 1.Moderator Variable and Moderator Effect 2.Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Path Coefficient Essential concepts to be able to understand articles in social science journals Also important for understanding theories to explain social phenomena (See later slide.) 1. MODERATOR VARIABLE AND MODERATOR EFFECT A moderator variable is one that influences the relation between the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y). Can be phrased, as the relation between X and Y is contingent or conditional on whether the moderator is present or absent, or the degree to which it is present. Moderator effect is what is said when the research finds that the effect of X is contingent on the presence or absence of the moderator variable Also called an “interaction” effect. Example: Does the relation between stress and PV apply to all SES groups, only to high SES, or only to low SES couples. A theoretical argument can be made for all of these.

3. Lab CPA3 2. PATH ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING  Methods for testing theories (explanations) of why X is related to Y * The variables that the theory posits as explanations are known as “mediating” or “intervening” variables.  For this lab, we will test just one theory which could explain why CP is related to PV: * That CP leads to more approval of violence, \which in turn leads to more violence, * The mediating variable is approval of a husband hitting his wife under some circumstances  Usually, several mediating variables are tested. For example: CORPORAL PUNISHMENT MEDIATING VARIABLES (Explanations for the link) Approval of violence Depression Low Problem-Solving Skill PARTNER VIOLENCE Numbers on the lines are “path coefficients” Like correlations. (Can be odds ratios).23

4. Lab CPA4 CP BY MOTHER CP BY FATHER VIOL BTWN PARENTS AGE OF RESP SES ETHNIC APPROVAL OF VIOLENCE DEPRESSION MARITAL CONFLICT 9% 11% 19% 8% 130% 56% -1% -5% -2% 42% 47% 193% 104% 164% # OF CHILDREN ASSAULT BY HUSBAND 9% Chart 4-1.1 PATHS LINKING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT TO HUSBAND-TO-WIFE PHYSICAL ASSAULT N= 1,844 MEN Straus, Murray A. and Carrie L. Yodanis. 1996. "Corporal punishment in adolescence and physical assaults on spouses later in life: What accounts for the link?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 58:825-841. Also as physical assaults on spouses, 2007, In Press, in Murray A. Straus & Rose Anne Medeiros, The primordial violence: Corporal punishment by parents, cognitive development, and crime. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

5. Lab CPA5 THIS LAB PROJECT Illustrates the underling logic of moderator effects and path analysis not the statistical method. The statistical method requires advance statistical training and a computer Last lab demonstrated that CP is related to partner violence. This lab test one of the possible reasons: That CP increases the probability of approving violence A real path analysis would also test to see if attitudes and social norms that approve of violence are associated with more actual violence. Lab will give you experience with the concept of moderator effect: Whether the gender of the student affects the path from CP to approval of violence? HYPOTHESES Write your hypothesis about the two research questions on the Lab Report Form. Number them. The hypothesis should use the word “nations” or more accurately “national contexts” to describe the cases

6. Lab CPA6 SAMPLE AND MEASURES SAMPLE: 32 nations covering every major world region. For each nation there is separate data on males and females MEASURE OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT Question 105. This is variable VS01 on the data cards. “When I was less then 12 years old, I was spanked or hit a lot by my mother or father.” 1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Agree 4 = Strongly Agree The variable is the percent of students in each national context who were spanked a lot, as indicated by the percent who did not strongly disagree.

7. Lab CPA7 MEASURE OF APPROVAL OF PARTNER VIOLENCE Question VA10_1 I can think of a situation when I would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Agree, 4 = Strongly Agree MODERATOR VARIABLE Gender. The percentages for female students and the percentages for male students. “moderator” variable” is something that influences the relation between the independent and the dependent variable “moderator effect” If the analysis finds that, when the moderator is present, the relation between X and Y is different than when moderator is present, the results are said to show a moderator effect. Other terms for “moderator effect” are “interaction effect” and “conditional effect”

8. Lab CPA8 THE DATA DATA FOR EACH NATION IS ON A DATA CARD T HE VARIABLES ARE - VS01_1 Corporal punishment as measured by the percent of students who did not strongly disagree that they were spanked a lot before age12 - VA10_1 Approval of violence as measured by the percent of students who did not strongly disagree that there are situations when they would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face THE NAME OF THE NATION IS IN THE LOWER LEFT OF EACH CARD ONE SIDE OF THE CARD HAS THE DATA FOR MALES AND THE OTHER FOR FEMALES

9. Lab CPA9

10. 10 SCATTER PLOT TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS Each of you will have a data card for one or two of the nations. We will tabulate the percentages of female students first and then the male students Read the name of thenation and then read out the value for the X variable and then for the Y variable from your data card. As each pair of scores is read out, everyone will put a tally mark in the cell of the table that corresponds to that combination of scores. The X axis (horizontal axis) variable is the percent in each nation who were “spanked or hit a lot before age 12” Variable VS01_1 -- in 15 th row of data card, first column The Y axis (vertical axis) variable is the percent in each nation who did not strongly disagree that they would approve a husband slapping his wife Variable VA10_1 -- in 8 th row, last column

11. Lab CPA11 TREND LINE TO SHOW THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN A COUNTRY AND PERCENT WHO APPROVE OF A HUSBAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE (REPEAT FOR M & F) For each column of the tabulation form, circle the middle cell even if it does not have a tally mark in it (this is the median) Take a card or ruler and connect the circles by a straight line. If there there is a tendency for the percent who were violent to a partner to increase from the left to the right side of the chart,.draw a line that shows the trend by sliding a ruler or other straight edge over the chart to get the best fit When this line is fitted mathematically it is called a “regression line” If this were done on a computer, the program would also give you a correlation or regression coefficient that indicates how good the fit between the dots and the line. Sum the tally marks in each column and put the number in the Total row. Sum the tallys in each row, & put the number in the Total column

12. Lab CPA12 Male students Female students

13. Lab CPA13 RESULTS & DISCUSSION SECTIONS RESULTS SECTION Number & letter your answer. Use the term nation in your answers. Compare each result for males and females. 1.How much approval of a husband slapping his wife was there. Look in the Total column for the lowest and highest percentage, and the median percentage (the category in the middle of the Total column) 2.A. What is the relation of corporal punishment to approval of hitting a wife? B. How close a relationship is there? C. Is the relation “statistically significant” and what does significant mean? D. Are your hypotheses supported or not? 3.DISCUSSION SECTION: What, in your opinion, do you think could produce result 2A? That is, what might be happening to create this relationship?

14. Lab CPA14 WHAT HAS BEEN LEARN ED FROM THIS LAB? RESULTS The degree to which slapping a wife is acceptable around the world Whether the prevalence of corporal punishment is related to how much people in a nation accept violence against a partner METHODS What a moderator variable and a moderator effect is An understanding of the information provided by path analysis and structural equation modeling What a path coefficient is What an odds ratio is

15. Lab CPA15 MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THIS LAB Data cards Code for data cards Power point hand out Scatter plot form Lab report forms

16. Lab CPA16 TOP HALF OF DATA CARD

17. Lab CPA17 BOTTOM HALF OF DATA CARD

18. Lab CPA18 Percent Spanked or Hit A Lot Before Age 12 (VS01) The correlation for this chart:.68, which is very high, but still deviations from the regression line. What would this chart look like if r =.99 or 1.00? (perfect correlation) What would it look like if r -.00 (no correlation) Significance test shows p <.001 What does that mean? FROM LAB CPM