1. Spi Calculus Gokhan Gokoz Chad R. Meiners

2. What Spi Calculus Is Spi calculus is a form of pi calculus extended to support cryptography. Pi calculus is a language for describing and implementing concurrent processes over communication channels. Pi calculus is designed to have a concise description when compared to CSP. Spi calculus adds operators to perform symmetric cryptography.

3. How Pi and Spi Calculus is used to verify security properties of protocols. Authenticity –Is the implementation equivalent to the specification? Secrecy –Can an external process distinguish one instance from another?

4. Basic Facilities of Pi Calculus Process: A system is constructed out of a set of concurrent processes. Scope: Variables and channels may be restricted to certain processes or they may be global. Channel: Processes communicate and synchronize with each other via channels.

5. Scope Extrusion Channels may be placed as messages on channels. Allows for scope restricted channel to be used outside of it original scope. Allows dataflow analysis. Spi calculus adds encryption operators.

6. Pi Grammar Pi calculus has four types of objects: Names: channels. –represented as m, n, p, q, and r. Variables: –represented as x, y, and z. Terms: objects in Pi calculus. –represented as L, M, N. Processes: –represented as P, Q, and R.

7. Terms A term can be one of the following five forms: n : the name of a channel (M, N) : a pair of terms. 0 : the number zero. suc(M) : the successor of M. x : a variable.

8. Process Primitives 0 : Is the nil process. P | Q : Is the process composition operator. !P : Is the process replication operator Examples: A := 0 : A is the nil process B := !A | C: B is an infinite number of A in parallel with C.

9. Process communication M.P –communicate message N on channel M –becomes P. M(x).P –block until it receives a message N from channel M –P where all occurrences of x in P are replaced by N –(We abbreviate such replacements with P[N/x]) Examples: A := c.0: A sends nil on c and becomes nil. B := c(x).0: B received x on c and becomes nil.

10. Process Decisions [M is N]P –P if M=N –else 0 let (x,y) = M in P –P[N/x][L/y] when M=(N,L) –otherwise 0 case M is 0 : P suc(x) : Q –P when M=0 –Q[N/x] if M=suc(N) –0 if M is not an integer.

11. Process Decisions Examples: A(M,N) := [M,N]B –A is B if M=N; otherwise, A is 0. B(M) := let (x,y) = M in A(x,y) –B is A(x,y) if M is a pair; otherwise, B is 0. C(M) := case M is 0 : 0 suc(x) : C(x) –C is 0 when M = 0 –C is C(M-1) when M > 0 –C is 0 if M  N

12. Process Scope and Extrusion (vn)P –P with the name n bound to P’s scope. Example: A(M) := (vc p )c a.c p.0 –Send private channel c p on c a then become nil. B := c a (x).x(y).0 –Receive channel x on c a then receive y on x then become 0. C := (vc a )(A(M) | B) –C is A in parallel with B. Channel c a is only in A’s and B’s scope.

13. Spi Calculus Extensions {M} N : term representing the message “M encrypted with the key N”. case L of {x} N in P : P[M/x] provided that L= {M} N otherwise it is 0. Examples: A(M) := c a.0 –A sends M encrypted with k on c a and then becomes nil. B := c a (y). case y of {x} k in F(x) –B receives y on c a and decrypts y into x using k. B then become F(x). C(M) := (vc a )(vk)(A(M) | B) –C is A and B with channel c a and key k.

14. Process Equivalence In Pi Calculus, we write P ≡ Q iff P and Q are indistinguishable to a separate process R. In Spi Calculus we write P(M) ≡ P(M’) iff given the two process instances a separate process R cannot tell which instance is the instance of M and which the instance of M’.

15. Pi Calculus Example Message 1 : A→B: M on c ab A(M) := c ab B := c ab (x).F(x) Inst(M) := (vc ab )(A(M) | B) Principal A sends message M on channel c ab to principal B. c ab is restricted, only A and B have access to c ab. Inst(M) is one instance of the protocol.

16. Pi Calculus Example (cont.) Specification: A(M) := c ab B spec (M) := c ab (x).F(M) Inst spec (M) := (vc ab )(A(M) | B spec (M)) Difference between protocol and specification: B spec (M) is a variant, which receives input from A and acts like B when B receives M.

17. Security Properties Authenticity property: Inst(M) ≡ Inst spec (M), for all M. The protocol with message M is indistinguishable from the specification with message M, for all messages M. Secrecy property: Inst(M) ≡ Inst(M’) if F(M) ≡ F(M’), for all M,M’. If F(M) is indistinguishable from F(M’), then the protocol with message M is indistinguishable from the protocol with message M’. These security properties hold because of the restriction on the channel c ab.

18. Channel Establishment Example Abstract and simplified version of the Wide Mouthed Frog protocol proposed by Michael Burrows in 1989 passes a restricted channel from A to B via restricted channels to S.

19. Channel Establishment Example (cont.) channels instead of the keys channel establishment and data communication happen only once Message 1: A→S: c ab on c as Message 2 : S→B: c ab on c sb Message 3 : A→B: M on c ab S BA 1. new channel 3. Data on new channel 2. new channel

20. Protocol Implementation A(M) := (vc ab )c as.c ab –A sends channel c ab over c as then sends M over c ab. S := c as (x).c sb –S forwards x from c as to c sb. B := c sb (x).x(y).F(y) –B receives channel x on c sb and receives y on x. Inst(M) := (vc as )(vc sb ) )(A(M) | S | B) –Inst is the composition of A, S and B.

21. Specification In the specification A(M) and S are same as above, B spec (M) := c sb (x).x(y).F(M) –Here B spec is similar to B except it knows what M is already for authenticity checking. Inst(M) spec :=(vc as )(vc sb ) )(A(M) | S | B spec (M)) The authenticity and secrecy properties hold.

22. Spi Calculus Example Same as the first Pi example except that a key is used to insure secrecy. Message 1: A→B: {M} k ab on c ab –A(M) := c ab A send a shared key encrypted message M on c ab. –B := c ab (x). case x of {y} k ab in F(y) B decrypts x into y. –Inst(M) :=(vk ab )(A(M) | B) The key k ab is restricted to only A and B.

23. Spi Example Specification Specification: A(M) := c ab B spec (M) := c ab (x). case x of {y} k ab in F(M) Inst spec (M) :=(vk ab )( A(M) | B spec (M)) Authenticity and secrecy properties are confirmed under a coarse-grained equivalence since an observer ´) can definitely distinguish between P(M) and P(M´).

24. Key establishment in Spi Calculus Same as the Pi frog protocol with key used instead of restricted channels. Message 1: A→S: {k ab } k as on c as Message 2: S→B: {k ab } k sb on c sb Message 3: A→B: {M} k ab on c ab S BA 1. new key k ab under k as 3. Data under new key k ab 2. new key k ab under k sb

25. Protocol A(M) := (vk ab )( c as.c ab ‹{M} k ab >) –A sends a key k ab to the server S and uses k ab to encrypt M to send to B. S := c as (x). case x of {y} k as in c sb –S forwards the key contained in x via the shared key k as. B := c sb (x). case x of {y} k sb in c ab (z). case z of {w} y in F(w) –B receives and decrypts the key in x then uses that key to get the message w. Inst(M) := (vk as ) (vk sb )( A(M) | S | B)

26. Specification Principals A(M) and S are the same as in the protocol; –B spec (M) := c sb (x). case x of {y} k sb in c ab (z). case z of {w} y in F(M) –Inst spec (M) := (vk as ) (vk sb )( A(M) | S | B spec (M)) The specification is more complex than the protocol but B spec (M) applies F only to the data from A and not to a message resulting from an attack or error.

27. Complete Authentication Example (with a flaw) A server and n other principals Each principal’s input channels are public and are named as c 1, c 2, …, c n and c s. Server shares a pair of keys with each other principal, k si and k is. Message sequence: Message 1: A→S: A,{B,k ab } k as on c s Message 2: S→B: {A, k ab } k sb on c b Message 3: A→B: A,{M} k ab on c b

28. Instance of the protocol We have two principals (A and B) and the message sent after key establishment. Instance I is a triple (i,j,M) where i: source address, j: destination address Send(i,j,M) := (vk)(c s | c j ) Recv(j) := c j (y cipher ). case y cipher of {x a,x key } kSj in c j (z a,z cipher ).[x a is z a ] case z cipher of {z plain } xkey in F(x a,j, z plain )

29. Instance of the protocol (Sending) Send(i,j,M) := (vk)(c s | c j ) –Creates a key k, sends to the server along with the names i and j of the principals of the instance. –Sends M under k with its name i.

30. Instance of the protocol (Receiving) Recv(j) := c j (y cipher ). case y cipher of {x a,x key } kSj in c j (z a,z cipher ).[x a is z a ] case z cipher of {z plain } xkey in F(x a,j, z plain ) –Waits for a message y cipher from server, extracts x key from this message –Then waits for a message z cipher under this key –At the end applies F to the name x a of the presumed sender, j and to z plain of the message.

31. Server The server S is the same for all instances: S := c s (x a,x cipher ).  i  1..n [x a is i] case x cipher of {x b,x key } k is in  j  1..n [x b is j] c j S receives a key that selects the correct branch to forward the key to the correct j.  i  1..k P i is the k-way composition P 1 |…|P k

32. Whole System Sys(I 1,…, I m ) := (vk iS )(vk Sj ) (Send(I 1 ) |…| Send(I m ) | !S | !Recv(1) |…| !Recv(n) ) Where (vk iS )(vk Sj ) stands for (vk 1s )…(vk ns ) (vk s1 )…(vk sn ) and Sys(I 1,…, I m ) represents a system with m instances of the protocol.

33. The Flaw The protocol is vulnerable to a replay attack. System: Sys(I,I) where I=(i,j,M), I=(i,j,M) An attacker can replay messages of one instance and get them mistaken for messages of the other instance. So M will be passed to F twice and Sys(I,I) could execute two copies of F(i,j,M) although Sys(I,I) can run F for both instances F(i,j,M) and F(i,j,M) only once. Therefore the authenticity equation doesn’t hold. Inst(M) ≡ Inst spec (M), for all M.

34. Complete Authentication Example (repaired) To protect previous protocol against replay attacks, nonce handshakes (tag in the message to authenticate the sender) are added. The new protocol, informally looks like: –Message 1: A→S: A on c s –Message 2: S→A: N s on c a –Message 3: A→S: A,{A,A,B,k ab,N s } k as on c s –Message 4: S→B: * on c b –Message 5: B→S: N b on c s –Message 6: S→B: {S,A,B, k ab, N b } k sb on c b –Message 7: A→B: A,{M } k ab on c b See Appendix for implementation.

35. What we get with Spi Calculus? Protocols in Spi Calculus are tedious. Good for proofing authenticity and secrecy. The scope of errors that it can find are limited though Spi Calculus is not as general as other logics, but this lack of generality allows us more confidence in the properties we can prove.

36. Tool Support Spi Calculus does not have any direct tool support. Security proprieties must be proven by humans. There is however a protocol language Cryptc that is based on Spi Calculus.

37. Cryptc Redefines Spi calculus’s grammar Adds protocol beginnings and endings Protocols are considered secure if every protocol ending has a distinct beginning. Cryptc performs an exhaustive search for paths that generate an end without a begin.

38. Online References A Calculus for Cryptographic Protocols: The Spi Calculus Martin Abadi and Andrew D. Gordon Digital SRC Research Report 149 January 25, 1998 http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/SRC/re search-reports/abstracts/src-rr-149. Html http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/SRC/re search-reports/abstracts/src-rr-149

39. Online References Authenticity by Typing for Security Protocols A.D. Gordon and A.S.A. Jeffrey Microsoft Research Technical Report MSR-2001- 49, 2001 ftp://fpl.cs.depaul.edu/pub/ajeffrey/spi-types.ps.gz ftp://fpl.cs.depaul.edu/pub/ajeffrey/spi-types.ps.gz The Cryptc webpage: http://cryptyc.cs.depaul.edu/intro.html http://cryptyc.cs.depaul.edu/intro.html

40. Appendix : Corrected Protocol Send(i,j,M) := c s | c i (x nonce ). (vk)(c s | c j ) S := c s (x a ).  i  1..n [x a is i](vN s )(c i | c s (x a,x cipher ).[x a is i] case x cipher of {y a,z a,x b,x key,x nonce } k is in  j  1..n [y a is i][z a is i][x b is j][x nonce is N s ] (c j | c S (y nonce ). c j ))

41. Recv(j) := c j (w). (vN b ) (c s | c j (y cipher ). case y cipher of {x s, x a, x b, x key, y nonce } k sj in  j  1..n [x s is S][x a is i][x b is j][y nonce is N b ] c j (z a,z cipher ).[ z a is x a ] case z cipher of {z plain } x key in F(i, j,z plain )) Sys(I 1,…, I m ) := (vk iS )(vk Sj ) (Send(I 1 ) |…| Send(I m ) | !S | !Recv(1) |…| !Recv(n) )

42. Authenticity: Sys(I 1,…,I m ) ≡ Sys spec (I 1,…,I m ) for any instances I 1,…,I m. This property holds because of the nonces. Secrecy: Sys(I 1,…,I m ) ≡ Sys spec (J 1,…,J m ) if each pair (I 1,J 1 ),…,(I m,J m ) is indistinguishable.