1. Multilevel Governance in the European Union Gary Marks

3. 26 Régions 100 Départements 342 Arrondissements 4,032 Cantons 36,680 Communes... at a limited number of levels... across vastly different scales Non-intersecting jurisdictions...

4. Virtues and vices of multilevel governance 1. Efficiency 2. Peace 3. Democracy 4. Moral hazard 5. Corruption 6. Protest 7. Survival

5. #1 Efficiency Centralize where necessary encompass relevant externalities encompass relevant externalities exploit economies of scale exploit economies of scale Decentralize where possible Eurospeak: “subsidiarity” Lack of flexibility, innovation at central level Local circumstances and needs can be better identified at the local level Decentralization facilitates citizens’ participation in decision-making which induces better quality services

6. Match the scale of government to the scale of problem: Local: town services Local: town services Regional: water management Regional: water management National: health system, national defense National: health system, national defense Continental: cross-border pollution Continental: cross-border pollution Global: climate change Global: climate change

7. Why multilevel governance NOW?  From War (-1945) to Peace (1945-)  Affluence welfare, education, microeconomic policy, environment, health, transport

9. Regionalization in Europe BRITAINScottish, Welsh parliaments, 1997 FRANCEElected regional governments,1982 GERMANYFederal constitution, 1949 ITALYElected regional governments, 1976. Strengthened, 1996. SPAINAutonomous regions, 1978. Strengthened, 1993; 1998.

10. BELGIUMRegions, communities, created in 1970. Strengthened 1980, 1989. Federal country since 1993. BRITAINScottish, Welsh parliaments, 1997, 2001, 2008; London 2001 FRANCEElected regions, 1982; strengthened in 1986. GERMANYFederal constitution, 1949; reforms in 1964 and 1966 ITALYElected regions, 1976. Strengthened,1996, 2001. SPAINAutonomous regions, 1978. Strengthened, 1993; 1998. SLOVAKIARegions created, 1996; elected since 2001. Regionalization in Europe

12. #2 Peace Allow distinct communities self-rule Combine communities in shared rule Encourage overarching identities

13. Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk

14. #3 Dictators hate it Dictators centralize authority Democratic leaders may (or may not) want multilevel governance

15. regionalization after democracy

16. Democratization facilitates regionalism

17. #4 Moral Hazard Problem scenario: A) Spending is local B1) taxation is national or B2) Debts are national GREECE!

18. #5 Corruption What if: Weak rule of law Weak rule of law Corrupt social norms Corrupt social norms Inadequate capacity at local level Inadequate capacity at local level where a reform “mind-set” is not present at the local level where a reform “mind-set” is not present at the local level BUT what if strong supranational institutions? E.g the EU.

19. #6 Protest Basic dilemma: Nationalism versus supranationalism

20. IDENTITY Source: Commission (2002 survey), Public Opinion (Eurobarometer 2001)

21. Elites and public on Europe Sources: a) elites, Intune (Fall 2007) b) public opinion: Eurobarometer 68 (Fall 2007)

22. Criticism on the radical right

23. REFERENDA ON EUROPE

24. A growing number of policy problems are a)transnational and b) distributional #7: Survival

25. climate change nuclear proliferation financial regulation failing states biodiversity loss ocean exhaustion deforestation overfishing nuclear waste disposal refugees T hese are INTERNATIONAL problems with winners and losers

26. national sovereignty is seriously suboptimal

27. 6.6% 93.3% 85.0% 11.1% 3.9%

28. The European Union is the world’s most important experiment in multilevel governance

29. “Multilevel governance must be a priority.” José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, 2009. “Develop as quickly as possible practical measures... with a view to strengthening multilevel governance.” October 2008 resolution of the European Parliament European Union Charter for Multilevel Governance CoR 2009