1. Chapter 7 Organic Chemicals and Chapter 8 Radionuclide's Waterworks Operations WQT 111 Lecture 6

2. Objectives 1.Review Organic Contaminants - SOC and VOC -Petroleum sources -Industrial 2.MTBE 3.Review Radionuclides Contaminants 1.Review Organic Contaminants - SOC and VOC -Petroleum sources -Industrial 2.MTBE 3.Review Radionuclides Contaminants

3. Organic Chemicals Synthetic Organic Chemical Synthetic Organic Chemicals Man-made (anthropogenic) organic chemicals. Some SOCs are volatile; others tend to stay dissolved in water instead of evaporating Synthetic Organic Chemical Synthetic Organic Chemicals Man-made (anthropogenic) organic chemicals. Some SOCs are volatile; others tend to stay dissolved in water instead of evaporating

4. Volatile Organic Chemicals Volatile Organic Chemical Evaporate, or volatilize, when exposed to air. Dissolvers- widely used as cleaning and liquefying agents in fuels, degreasers, paint thinner, and dry cleaning solutions. Cancer causing The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that VOCs are present in one-fifth of the nation's water supplies. Volatile Organic Chemical Evaporate, or volatilize, when exposed to air. Dissolvers- widely used as cleaning and liquefying agents in fuels, degreasers, paint thinner, and dry cleaning solutions. Cancer causing The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that VOCs are present in one-fifth of the nation's water supplies.

5. VOC Chemicals VOC's are found at airports and service stations; machine, print and paint shops; electronics and chemical plants; dry cleaning establishments; and in household products. Some common VOC's are methane, trichloroethylene (TCE),tetrachloroethylene (also called "perchlorethylene," which is dry cleaning fluid), trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, and xylenes. VOC's are found at airports and service stations; machine, print and paint shops; electronics and chemical plants; dry cleaning establishments; and in household products. Some common VOC's are methane, trichloroethylene (TCE),tetrachloroethylene (also called "perchlorethylene," which is dry cleaning fluid), trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, and xylenes.

6. Health effects of VOC exposure Acute Eye irritation / watering Nose irritation Throat irritation Headaches Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness Asthma exacerbation Chronic Cancer Liver damage Kidney damage Central Nervous System damage Acute Eye irritation / watering Nose irritation Throat irritation Headaches Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness Asthma exacerbation Chronic Cancer Liver damage Kidney damage Central Nervous System damage

7. MTBE is a member of a group of chemicals commonly known as fuel oxygenates. MTBE is used in gasoline throughout the United States to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels caused by auto emissions. Source Leaky underground storage tanks Treatment Air stripping, granular activated carbon (GAC), and advanced oxidation to remove MTBE contamination MTBE is a member of a group of chemicals commonly known as fuel oxygenates. MTBE is used in gasoline throughout the United States to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone levels caused by auto emissions. Source Leaky underground storage tanks Treatment Air stripping, granular activated carbon (GAC), and advanced oxidation to remove MTBE contamination Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

8. MTBE, a gasoline oxygenate, was the second most frequently detected VOC in samples from domestic and public wells at an assessment level of 0.2 µg/L. The detection frequency of MTBE was about 3 percent in domestic well samples and about 5 percent in public well samples 2004, MTBE was the most commonly used gasoline oxygenate Has been completely or partially banned in some States MTBE, a gasoline oxygenate, was the second most frequently detected VOC in samples from domestic and public wells at an assessment level of 0.2 µg/L. The detection frequency of MTBE was about 3 percent in domestic well samples and about 5 percent in public well samples 2004, MTBE was the most commonly used gasoline oxygenate Has been completely or partially banned in some States Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

9. VOC In Aquifers

10. VOC Drinking Water

11. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)

12. SOC are man made? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

13. An SOC can be a VOC? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

14. Eye irritation / watering Nose irritation Throat irritation Headaches Nausea / Vomiting, Dizziness Asthma exacerbation are all considered acute VOC exposure ? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

15. Cancer Liver damage, Kidney damage, Central Nervous System damage are all caused by chronic exposure to VOCs? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

16. MTBE is a fuel oxygenate that was required by law? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

17. MTBE was the second most detected VOC in water? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

18. Endrin, Lindane, Methoxyclor, and Toxaphene are examples of 1.Inorganic chemicals 2.Organic chemicals 3.Metal Salts 4.Halogens 1.Inorganic chemicals 2.Organic chemicals 3.Metal Salts 4.Halogens

19. Radium 226 and 228 (20 pCi/L) -most common radionuclide -from soil similar to Ca causes bone cancer Uranium 20  g/L -(uranium sandstone or shale)- -causes cancer and damages human kidneys Radon 300 pCi/L -(gas from natural decay of uranium) -confined spaces, transfers from water to air -lung cancer Radium 226 and 228 (20 pCi/L) -most common radionuclide -from soil similar to Ca causes bone cancer Uranium 20  g/L -(uranium sandstone or shale)- -causes cancer and damages human kidneys Radon 300 pCi/L -(gas from natural decay of uranium) -confined spaces, transfers from water to air -lung cancer

20. When does/did/will the final rule for Radionuclides in Drinking Water take effect? 1.December 7, 2003 2.December 31, 2007 3.December 8, 2003 4.There is no such rule 1.December 7, 2003 2.December 31, 2007 3.December 8, 2003 4.There is no such rule

21. The Final Radionuclide Rule applies only to CWS and not NTNCWS at this time 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

22. Radionuclides

23. Alpha  Radiation Most common naturally occurring radionuclide Heaviest particle (doubly charged He ion) 10 percent the speed of light (slow radiation) Don’t travel far (10 cm) stopped by paper Most common naturally occurring radionuclide Heaviest particle (doubly charged He ion) 10 percent the speed of light (slow radiation) Don’t travel far (10 cm) stopped by paper

24. Beta  Radionuclides Negatively charged electrons (30-99 percent speed of light) Travel farther then alpha but will get stopped by tin foil Negatively charged electrons (30-99 percent speed of light) Travel farther then alpha but will get stopped by tin foil

25. Gamma  Radiation Electromagnetic radiation Photon move at the speed of light Great penetrating power (need Lead or concrete to stop it) Electromagnetic radiation Photon move at the speed of light Great penetrating power (need Lead or concrete to stop it)

26. Radionuclides include which of the following: 1.Alpha and Beta 2.Lepton and Photon 3.Gamma and Nano 4.Gamma and Sigma 1.Alpha and Beta 2.Lepton and Photon 3.Gamma and Nano 4.Gamma and Sigma

27. Radiation Units Unit of radioactivity is a Curie = 3.7 X 10 10 disintegrations per second MCL based on pCi or picocuries per second 10 -12 curies Unit of radioactivity is a Curie = 3.7 X 10 10 disintegrations per second MCL based on pCi or picocuries per second 10 -12 curies

28. Radiation Map Average human dose=200 mrem 3% of this dose from drinking water

29. Uranium

30. Radon

31. Radon is a gas? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

32. Radon comes from the radioactive decay of uranium it is the decay daughter of radium 226? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

33. Radium is the most common radionuclide in drinking water and the second leading cause of lung cancer in the US? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

34. There are two isotopes for radium 220 and 228? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

35. Uranium is associated with basalt? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

36. The average human dose of radiation per year is 40 mrem? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

37. Alpha radiation contains the heaviest particles that move the slowest? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

38. Beta radiation can be stopped by aluminum foil but moves at a rate of 30 to 99 percent the speed of light? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

39. Gamma radiation moves at the speed of light and is an x-ray? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

40. The MCL for radionuclide's is a pCi or pesocurie per liter? 1.True 2.False 1.True 2.False

41. The objectives stated in the syllabus to learn the fundamentals and health hazards of water contamination/chemistry as it relates to drinking water standards were met ? 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Disagree 4.Strongly Disagree 1.Strongly Agree 2.Agree 3.Disagree 4.Strongly Disagree