1. Energy in Marine Ecosystems: Marine Food Chains Begins with the primary producers They are autotrophs (‘self’- ‘feeders’) - Organism capable of making organic compounds, –Photoautotrophs, such as plants, use solar energy to help make these compounds in a process known as photosynthesis.

2. Primary producers are consumed by primary consumers –Primary consumers, are heterotrophs (‘other’-‘feeders’)- Organisms incapable of making organic compounds from inorganic material, they obtain their nutrition by consuming autotrophs and derive energy through respiration. Primary consumers are consumed by secondary consumers, a.k.a. tertiary producers. And so on…Food chains vary in length.

3. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Capture and Flow of Energy The flow of energy through living systems.

4. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. The Cycling of Matter The cycling of matter through living systems.

5. Food Chains Food Chain- Energy and matter move from one organism to another as each eats a lower member and, in turn, is eaten by a higher member

7. Figure 10.11

8. Trophic Levels Each ‘link’ in the food chain is called a trophic level. (troph means food) –1 st =Primary Producer Ex: plants, algae –2 nd = Primary Consumer Ex: Grazer, herbivores –3 rd = Secondary Consumer Ex: Carnivores –4 th = Tertiary Consumer, etc… At each level, detrivores and decomposers are turning biomass into nutrients

10. Because organisms consume at various trophic levels, it is really more like a web, not a chain. Food Web

12. Figure 10.13

13. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Antarctic Ocean Food Web Diatoms, and other primary producers, convert the energy from the sun into food used by the rest of the oceanic community.

14. Ecological Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids About 90% of biomass is lost when transferred from between trophic levels –Ecological efficiency= 10% As trophic levels increase, biomass decreases –Why there are more squirrels than wolves in the world

15. Ecological Pyramid 2° Consumers 3° Cons. 1000 g Biomass 100 g 10 g 1 g Primary Producers Primary Consumers

18. Figure 10.14b

19. Figure 10.14a

20. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Feeding Relationships

22. Figure 15.02

23. Pelagic Primary Producers Phytoplankton- Diatoms

25. Pelagic Primary Consumer

26. Pelagic Primary Consumer Larvacean

27. Holoplankton

28. Holoplankton- Jelly

29. Meroplankton

30. Nekton

31. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Primary Productivity Oceanic productivity is measured in gC/ m 2 /yr.

32. Global Primary Production

33. Global Productivity

34. Figure 15.25b

36. Continental Shelf Richest part of the ocean, with the world's most important fishing grounds –Extends from the subtidal to the shelf break, the outer edge of the continental shelf where depths drastically increase –The average depth is around 150 m –Varies in width from less than 1 km to over 750 km.

38. Important characteristics to organisms Relatively shallow –Temps vary more here than in the deeper ocean –Affected by waves, currents and storms Tides can cause particularly strong tidal currents Wind waves can affect to 200m Turbulence prevents stratification Therefore more productive than the open ocean Close to land –Rivers discharge into this zone of the ocean, bringing nutrients, phytoplankton and sediment These combine to make the water murkier than farther offshore. Murkier water means light doesn't penetrate as deeply, reducing the euphotic zone depth.

39. Figure 13.05

40. Soft-Bottom Organisms

41. The Epipelagic The pelagic realm of the ocean describes the vast, open ocean. –The epipelagic realm is the upper part of this environment. Depths only to about 200m Corresponds to the depth of the euphotic zone –Euphotic depth the depth below which where there is no longer enough light for organisms to grow. –Divided into coastal, or neritic waters that lie over the continental shelf, and oceanic waters.

42. Epipelagic Food Web

43. Seasonal Productivity-Tropics

44. Seasonal Productivity- Temperate

45. Seasonal Productivity- Polar

46. CO 12

47. Figure 12.01

48. Figure 12.11

49. Figure 12.12

50. Figure 12.13a

51. Figure 12.13b

52. Figure 12.14

55. Figure 11.19b

56. Figure 11.25b

57. Figure 11.33

58. Figure 11.34