1. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems

2. Persistent Organic Pollutants Fate of PoPs Mechanisms of Environmental Control Characteristics Main groups Issues

3. pcwww.liv.ac.uk/aquabiol/BIOL415_Web/

4. Tri-Butyl Tin Nucella Imposex

5. Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chlorine Bromine Fluorine

6. Types of PoP Pesticides Industrial Chemicals By-Products

7. Associated Issues Bioaccumulation – Biomagnification Loss of higher predators Adverse impacts on marine food chains Fish eating – Gt Lakes of North America, Baltic & North Sea Birth defects, reduced aptitude in new born babies Endocrine Disruption

8. Stockholm Convention UNEP decided to convene an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to prepare an legally binding instrument on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The INC completed work on the instrument, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, in December 2000.

9. Stockholm convention The Convention entered into force on 17 May 2004. The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place from 2-6 May 2005 in Punta del Este, Uruguay

11. PoPs in Swedish Breast Milk

12. Toxicity of PoPs Related to structure Related to ‘most toxic substance’ –2,3,7,8 tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin Toxicity Equivalent - TEQ –Relative Factor of 1 for 2,3,7,8 TCDD

13. Dioxins/Furans 75 individual chlorinated dioxins 135 individual chlorinated furans Very stable & bind to soils and sediment

14. DDT Old problem – Peregrine Falcons etc Residues remain DDE – oxidative environments DDD – reducing environments Mersey estuary and Irish Sea

15. PCBs – Major Problems Baltic Sea & North Sea Gt Lakes of North America Hudson River Local “difficulties” : –Mersey Estuary & Liverpool Bay

16. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env

17. PCB Congener 209 – Deca-choro biphenyl

18. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls 209 Compounds - ca 100 in env Highly inert Introduced 1930s Discovered in environment 1966 by Jensen in Sweden during analysis for DDT 750,000 tonnes manufactured

19. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls Banned by USEPA in new uses in 1979 Manufacture completely banned in 1984

20. Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls Technical Mixtures –Arochlor 1242 –Arochlor 1254 –Arochlor 1262

21. PCBs

23. Brominated Fire Retardents Poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 209 Congeners

24. Brominated FRs Among the many BFRs used in the world the main commercial BFRs are the following: TBBPA: Tetrabromobisphenol -A HBCD: Hexabromocyclododecane PBB: Polybrominated biphenyls - Phased out in Europe

25. PBDEs Deca-BDE (Decabromodiphenyl ether) Octa-BDE (Octabromodiphenyl ether) - Phased out in Europe Penta-BDE (Pentabromodiphenyl ether) - Phased out in Europe

26. Flame Retardents Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

27. Other Brominated materials: Brominated polymers such as brominated epoxy, brominated polystyrene, brominated polycarbonate, poly (brominated acrylate), and brominated polyols.

28. Mersey Estuary High levels of BDEs especially : DecaBromoDiphenylEther 209 On-going research

29. PoPs: Impacts of tissue residues Endocrine Disruption

31. Intersex Mersey Male Flounde r Gonad Intersex Flounder

33. Endocrine Disruption Molluscs –– TBT - IMPOSEX

34. Nucella