1. Acquired Capabilities of Cancer From: Hanahan D. Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000 Jan 7;100(1):57-70

2. Tumor Development Occurs in Stages Weinberg RA. How cancer arises. Sci Am. 1996 Sep;275(3):62-70.

3. Tumor Development Occurs in Stages, cont. Weinberg RA. How cancer arises. Sci Am. 1996 Sep;275(3):62-70.

4. Genetic abnormalities in cancer cells 1.Oncogenes get activated or become expressed more than normal –Oncogene: a gene that, when mutated or dysregulated, participates in the onset and development of cancer –The protein may be expressed at a greater level (more protein in the cell) become more active lose its potential to be regulated increase its stability (hang around in the cell longer) –These changes can cause the cell to be hyper-responsive to growth signals, grow in the absence of proper growth signals, evade apoptosis, etc.

5. Genetic abnormalities, cont. 2.Tumor suppressor genes stop working –Tumor suppressor gene: a gene that protects a cell from one step in the cancer pathogenesis process –The gene product may be a protein that maintains the normal cell cycle, inhibits an oncogene, inhibits cell division, etc. –When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated or dysregulated, the cell can progress to cancer if other aberrations are also present

6. Gibbs WW. Untangling the roots of cancer. Sci Am. 2003 Jul;289(1):56-65.

7. Cancer can spread to other sites Ruoslahti E. How cancer spreads. Sci Am. 1996 Sep;275(3):72-7.

8. Cancer can spread to other sites, cont. Ruoslahti E. How cancer spreads. Sci Am. 1996 Sep;275(3):72-7.

9. New cases of cancer in the U.S. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2008. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2008.

10. Cancer deaths among U.S. men

11. Cancer deaths among U.S. women (includes cervix)

12. Role of body weight and IGF-1 in cancer development Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;17(8):328-36

13. T. vaginalis Parasitic protozoan Infection affects 5-20% of U.S. young adults, typically asymptomatic in males Causes inflammation and may induce anti-apoptosis genes Preliminary data suggest that infection is linked to higher risk of aggressive prostate cancer