2. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and BaconCopyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Cognitive Views of Learning Woolfolk, Chapter 7

3. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Overview  The Cognitive Perspective  Information Processing  Metacognition  Becoming Knowledgeable

4. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Concept Map for Chapter 7 Information Processing Model Becoming Knowledgeable Metacognition, Regulation, & Individual Differences Elements of the Cognitive Perspective Cognitive Views Of Learning

5. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Comparing Perspectives

6. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon The Cognitive Perspective

7. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Kinds of Knowledge  General  Domain specific  Declarative  Procedural  Conditional or structural

8. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Types of Knowledge & Examples

9. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Information Processing Model

10. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Terminology  Sensory memory  Perception  Short term memory  Long term memory

11. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon The Information Processing System Sensory Memory Working Memory Perception Long-term memory Retrieve (activate memory) learn (save) Executive Control Processes Work Space- Temporary Storage Decision making Permanent Storage

12. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Sensory Memory  The five senses  Sensory register  Large capacity  Short duration  Contents  Roles of attention and perception

13. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Gestalt Psychology: Study of Perception

14. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Gestalt Terminology  Bottom-up processing  Top-down processing  The role of attention  Automaticity  Lesson for teachers  See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 247 Wholeness Or pattern

15. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Working Memory  Capacity: 5 to 9 separate items  Articulatory loop rehearsal system  Duration: 5 to 20 seconds  Rehearsal can increase duration –Maintenance rehearsal –Elaborative rehearsal –Chunking  Forgetting – Interference –Decay

16. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Long Term Memory  Storage takes more time & effort  Unlimited capacity  Unlimited duration  Contains visual or verbal or a combination of codes  Retrieval may be troublesome

17. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Comparison of Short- & Long Term Memory Short Term Very fast input Limited capacity 5 – 20 seconds duration Contains words, images, ideas, sentences Immediate retrieval Long Term Relatively slow input Practically unlimited capacity Practically unlimited duration Contains networks, schemata Retrieval depends on connections

18. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Contents of Memory Semantic Memory –Propositions & propositional networks –Images –Story grammar –Event schema / script  Images  Schemas (schemata)

19. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Contents of Memory  Story grammar  Script  Episodic memory  Procedural memory

20. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Types of Memory Episodic Semantic Procedural Yesterday’s golf outing The concept airplane How to give a presentation

21. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon LTM Storage Strategies  Elaboration  Organization  Context  Levels of processing

22. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Retrieval & Forgetting  Spread of activation  Reconstruction  Decay  Interference  See Guidelines, Woolfolk p. 259

23. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Reflection Questions  What you are thinking right now…..in which level of memory is it being held?  How is information stored in long term memory?  Why do people forget? What are the possible causes?

24. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Metacognition, Regulation, & Individual Differences

25. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Metacognitive Knowledge  Awareness of your own thinking processes –Knowing what you know (declarative knowledge) –Knowing how to use what you know (procedural knowledge) –Knowing when and why to use what you know (conditional knowledge)  Planning  Monitoring  Evaluation

26. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Differences in Metacognition  Developmental differences –Capacity –Strategy –Organization  Individual differences –Efficiency –Differences in ability

27. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Differences in Long- Term Memory  Domain-specific declarative knowledge  Procedural knowledge  Personal interest

28. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Becoming Knowledgeable: Some Basic Principles

29. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Learning Declarative Knowledge  Rote memorization  Serial position effect  Part learning  Distributed practice  Massed practice

30. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Mnemonics  Loci method  Peg type: keyword, peg word, acronyms  Chaining

31. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Attention!!  Making it meaningful : Single best method for aiding memory See Point▼Counterpoint Woolfolk, p. 267

32. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Making It Meaningful  Relating to previous knowledge  Relating to students’ experiences  Clarifying unfamiliar terms  Give examples, illustrations, analogies from students’ view  Use humor, emotion, novelty

33. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Procedural & Conditional Knowledge  Automated basic skills –Cognitive –Associative –Autonomous  Prerequisite knowledge  Practice with feedback –Leads to condition-action rules (productions)  Domain-specific strategies

34. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Learning Outside School  Encouraging family and community support  See Family and Community Partnerships, Woolfolk, p. 270

35. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Reflection Questions  Contrast cognitive and behavioral views of learning. What is learned? What is the role of reinforcement?  How does knowledge affect learning?  Compare declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge.  Give two explanations for perception.  How is information retained in working memory?

36. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Reflection Questions  How is information represented in long-term memory? What role do schemas play?  What learning processes improve long-term memory?  Why do we forget?  What are the three metacognitive skills?  Describe some individual differences in metacognition.

37. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Reflection Questions  How can using better metacognitive strategies improve children’s memories?  Describe three ways to develop declarative knowledge.  Describe some procedures for developing procedural knowledge.

38. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Summary  The Cognitive Perspective  Information Processing  Metacognition  Becoming Knowledgeable

39. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon End Chapter 7