1. 1 Modelling Ecosystem Services at the Landscape Scale: A case study of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Spreewald Department of Ecosystems and Environmental Informatics by Ernest Fongwa, Albrecht Gnauck

2. Contents Introduction Methodology Application to UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Spreewald Discussion Conclusions

3. Introduction Ecosystem Services are the benefits that human derive from the natural ecosystem They are spread over the landscape depending on the water catchment area and also from rural to urban areas or from one administrative unit to another However, they can be find everywhere, but their capacity differ with landscape characteristics They are classified under 5 types

4. Provisioning Services Type of ESExamples FoodCrops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture, wild foods WaterFresh water, rivers, sea and oceans etc. FibreTimber, cotton, hemp, silk Energy Biomass, photosynthesis, solar-rays, oil plants, hydrothermal, geothermal, tidal wave energy, hydro- carbons, fuel wood Bio-chemicals Biomedical plants, bio-remediation compounds, herbs, aromatics, chemical substances from plant, animals, insects and bees such as honey from bee wax, snake oil

5. Regulating Services Type of ESExamples Air quality regulation Climate regulation: sequestration like CO 2, evapo-transpiration (precipitation) Filtering dust particles in air Regulation of air pollutant like NOx, SOx Water quality regulation (Surface and ground water) Water purification, water softening Pests and diseases regulation Regulation against : parasite, fungi and bacteria invasion of human, plant and animals, air and water born diseases, exposure to poisonous substances

6. Regulating Services Type of ESExamples Regulation of soil and erosion Regulate soil depletion through soil buffering, removal of impurities in soil through soil shrinking, control of wind and water erosion Natural hazards regulation Storm and flood control, control of tectonic movement in soil to reduce earthquakes and volcanic explosion

7. Supporting Services Type of ESExamples Nutrient cycling and soil formation Nutrient balancing by micro-organisms, soil formation by decomposition of dead plants and animals Crop pollinationPollination by bees, insects and other micro-organisms etc. Support the earth surfaceLife on earth, platform for houses, farming, roads and highways

8. Preserving Services Type of ESExamples BiodiversityHabitat for plant and animal species, noise reduction Development and maintenance of genetic resource against uncertainty (extinction) Richness/abundance of genetic species, bio-refugia, hybridisation of species

9. Cultural services Type of ESExamples Spiritual and religious values Social relations (indigenous culture), sense of place (cultural identity), Secret and inspirations places like churches Recreational and ecotourism Aesthetic values, monuments, sanctuaries, natural parks, natural and cultural tourism, heritage sites

10. Methodology Typical service units for studying ecosystem services can be defined and constructed by Petri nets A Petri net is a graphical and mathematical technique for modelling flow system and have been used in many fields such like fresh water ecology, molecular biology, business, transport and logistic etc. It can be used for continuous, discrete, stochastic and hybrid modelling and simulation That is continuous, time, stochastic, hybrid, place /transition and high level nets like coloured Petri net, which may be discrete, continuous or stochastic and even hybrid Petri nets Data are collected in the UNESCO biophere reserve Spreewald based on observation and scaling by give rank values that are aggregated for simulation of the model

11. Petri Net Modelling Framework An ecosystem example of algae growth

12. Conceptual Model Building with Petri Nets

13. Description of relationships N= (S,T,W) Petri net is defined as N and described as a triple (S, T, W) S= {s1, s2, s3, s4} T= {t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8} W- Flow rate Each Set in S contain markings with tokens

14. Definition of Coloursets Markings and their set of tokens are differentiated by colours Markings: Comp = {Comp1, Comp2, Comp3} Tokens: ES= {ES1, ES2, …, ES5} Coloursets: Colours =

15. Execution

16. Verification of Net Properties PropertiesResults Net ClassAsymmetric LivenessCannot decide BoundednessYes ConservativeYes RepetitivenessYes ConsistentYes

17. Data Sampling Strategy Data Collection is based on cross-sectional field observation in the UNESCO biosphere reserve Spreewald The data source comprises of landscape components associated with ES, activities that lead to their balance, improvement and deficit and indicators They are quantified by qualitative value judgement based on ranking them to a scale of 0 to 5 0 (no relevant capacity), 1 (very low relevant capacity), 2 (low relevant capacity), 3 (medium relevant capacity), 4 (high relevant capacity) and 5 (very high relevant capacity)

18. Data Sampling Strategy Preparatory Set Up for Data Collection Data Collection Data Aggregation Procedures Quality Assurance of Data - Estimators: Unbias and Consistency

19. Data Conversion Ranking Scale Conversion % (1500) Meaning 00Not relevant capacity 120 (300)Very low relevant capacity 240 (600)Low relevant capacity 360 (900)Medium relevant capacity 480 (1200)High relevant capacity 5100 (1500)Very high relevant capacity

20. Parameter for Estimating Ecosystem Services If : Σ St - old stock of ES in a particular region Then: Σ St ± ΔΣSt- current stock (phase transition) For environmental balancing for preserve ES: ΔΣ St  0 or ΔΣ St = 0 For environmental improvement for preserving: ΔΣ St > 0 For environmental deficit for preserving ES: ΔΣ St < 0

21. Application in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Spreewald

22. Landscape Identification

23. Land Use from 1991- 2010

24. Ecosystem Services

25. Petri Net Simulation Framework Data conversion Encoding data in the Petri net Specification of initial marking based on data set Simulation Show case and scenarios

26. Discussion

27. Conclusions MES can encourage the preservation of ES with market for certification scheme already growing in Spreewald region, but there are no markets for permit and conservation credit/banking. These markets for ecosystem services need to be encourage by increasing measures for preservation of ecosystem services. However, there are current discussion on the legal system on pools for balancing landscape problems, this may favour the growth of MES and community-based financial participation. Therefore data management systems are essential for analysis and structuring strategic measures for preserving ES, which has been realised in the modelling and data sampling framework.

28. Thanks for your attention