2. Complex, connected systems such as New York City can be extremely robust in some ways and yet fragile in others. Organizational crisis from 9/11 Mayor’s emergency command bunker destroyed. Communications for rescue and security was disrupted. Despite disruption the city still functioned On Monday morning many offices re-opened elsewhere. Cantor Fitzgerald Story – all persons who knew the computer passwords were killed. The survivors sat around talking about their dead colleagues and were able to reconstruct all of the passwords.

3. Recovery from disaster is not something that can be planned for. Techniques used for recovery were basically simple replacements for the complex equipment destroyed. And the survival techniques were not organized centrally. Long after the fragility began to appear: financial institutions relocating away from NY. businesses failing Conclusions from Network Science “Distance is deceiving (six degrees)” “In connected Systems cause and effect are related in complicated and often misleading ways.” There are many different models that can be used to study the behavior of complex systems -- need to pick a good one. All models are wrong, but some are useful.