1. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 9: Development
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Development
Process of improving material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge & technology
More developed countries (MDCs)
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)

3. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Human Development Index (HDI)
4 factors to assess development:
Economic = (1) GDP per capita
Social = (2) literacy & (3) amount of education
Demographic = (4) life expectancy
Gross Domestic Product per capita
U.S. = $45,000

4. Human Development Index
Figure 9-1

5. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Types of jobs
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector

6. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Productivity
Measured by value added per capita
MDCs are more productive than LDCs

7. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Consumer goods
Technology
Transportation
Communication

8. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4

9. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Social indicators of development
Education & literacy
Literacy rate
Over 98% in MDC’s
Less than 60% in LDC’s

10. Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Figure 9-6

11. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Social indicators of development
Health & welfare
Diet (adequate calories)
Access to health care

12. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy
MDCs: life expectancy in the 70s
LDCs: life expectancy in the 60s

13. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
Other demographic indicators:
Infant mortality
Natural increase
Crude birth rate
Figure 9-26

14. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America & Europe
Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, & New Zealand

15. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
Less developed regions
Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs
SW Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI
S Asia & sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

16. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compare level of women’s development to both sexes
4 measures:
Per capita female incomes as % of male per capita incomes
# of females enrolled in school compared to # of males
% of literate females to literate males
Life expectancy of females to males

17. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17

18. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21

19. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares decision-making capabilities of men & women in politics & economics
Economic & political indicators:
Per capita female incomes as % of male per capita incomes
% of technical & professional jobs held by women
% of administrative jobs held by women
% of women holding national office

20. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Figure 9-22

21. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals
Figure 9-23

22. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace = modest; distribution = even
Barriers to protect local business
Tariffs, quotas, & restricting # of importers
2 problems:
Protects inefficient businesses
Develop large bureaucracies

23. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach
4 Asian Dragons
S Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong
Petroleum-Rich Arabian Peninsula States
Most commonly selected path by end of 20th c.
Evidence = international trade is more effective
Problems
Triumphs
Figure 9-27

24. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
World Trade Organization
Foreign direct investment
Figure 9-30

25. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Financing development
LDC’s need $ for development
2 sources:
Loans: World Bank & International Monetary Fund
FDI via transnational corporations
Structural Adjustment Programs
Sets economic goals & strategies to achieve them

26. Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31

27. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Fair trade approach
Products made/traded in way that protects workers & small businesses in LDCs
2 sets of standards
Fair trade producer standards
Fair trade worker standards
Producers & workers usually earn more
Consumers usually pay higher prices

28. The End.