1. THE GENETIC OF CANCER Increased mitosisTumor formation Tumor suppression gene Hyperactive growth TranslocationPoint mutationAmplification Normal growth Proto-oncogene Normal protein Defective protein Normal cell division Uncontrolled cell division Excessive protein stimulation

2. ROLES OF CANCER GENES IN CELL SIGNALING

3. PROTO-ONCOGENES AND ONCOGENES Proto-oncogenes code for growth factors Mutations cause overproduction of growth factors Proto-oncogenes code for growth factor receptors Mutant receptor no longer requires growth factor binding Proto-oncogenes code for transcription factors Factors always bind to their target gene promotor Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that transmit external stimuli for cell division. Stimulation no longer needed

4. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES

5. EFFECT OF CANCER GENES ON CELL CYCLE OncogenesTumor suppressor genes

6. COMMON FORMS OF CANCER TREATMENT ChemotherapyRadiotherapySurgery May be used alone or in combination

7. THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AGAINST CANCER CELLS Inactivation cell surface receptor Inhibition of angiogenesis Inhibition of metastasis Inactivation of receptor- associated G-proteins Inhibition of amplifying enzymes Inhibition of Rb protein Inhibition of p53 protein

8. IMMUNOTHERAPY AGAINST CANCER CELLS Tumor cell with target antigen Antibodies against target antigen Binding to target receptor Complement activation Destruction by cytotoxic T cells

9. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS RADIATION AND DRUG CARRIERS Monoclonal Antibodies as radiation carrier Monoclonal Antibodies as drug carrier Chemotherapeutic agentRadioactive label

10. GENE THERAPY OF CANCER