1. THE LANGUAGE OF THE EARTH – PART V PLATE TECTONIC THEORY

2. Plate Tectonic Theory The Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is composed of rigid plates that are moving relative to one another.

3. Internal Structure of the Earth Compositional Layers Physical Layers

4. Plate Tectonics Drives Two Stages of Crust-making A. Mantle partially melts to make ocean crust B. Ocean crust partially melts to make continental crust

5. What Moves the Plates? Mantle Push Ridge Slide Slab Pull

6. Types of Plate Boundaries

7. Divergent Plate Boundaries Mid-ocean Ridges Where Stage 1 Crust is Made

8. Basalt Rock Type of the Ocean Crust Pillow Lavas Remember: Melting the mantle makes mafic magma!! Always

9. Hydrothermal Alteration of Ocean Crust Preparing it for Stage 2 Melting “Black Smokers”- metal-rich hydrothermal waters venting into the ocean floor

10. Continental Rifting The creation of new ocean basins

11. Continental Rifting and The Break-up of Pangea

12. Age of the Atlantic Ocean Crust Recording the Break-up Beginning the Break-up 225 Ma

13. Youthful Oceanic Crust

14. Convergent Boundaries Making 2 nd Stage Crust Ancient Continental Crust

15. Convergent Boundaries- Where the Action Is!! Ocean- Continent Continent - Continent Ocean - Ocean Earthquakes Volcanoes

16. Mt. St. Helens May 18, 1980 Consequences of Convergence Explosive Volcanism

17. Consequences of Convergence Mountain Building and Rock Deformation

18. Consequences of Convergence Earthquakes Banda Ache, Dec. 26, 2004

19. OROGENESIS The Culmination of Convergence

20. Transform Fault Plate Boundaries

21. San Francisco Earthquake April 18, 1906 Mag 7.8 The San Andreas Fault

22. MantlePlumes/Hotspots

23. Mantle Hotspots in the Oceans Sites of overthickened crust and the formation of ocean islands and plateaus

24. Famous Hotspots Hawaii Yellowstone Iceland

25. The Grand Unifying Theory of the Earth Paradigm -