1. Photo by Dan Johnson NON-HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES, VOLCANO DEIETIES, AND VOLCANO LEGENDS GG 104

3. OCEAN FLOOR SEA LEVEL MT. FUJI 3777 m above sea level MT. ST. Helens (after 1980 eruption) 2554 m above sea level Mauna Loa 4170 m above sea level 9100 m above ocean floor (from a diagram at the Jaggar Museum, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park) COMPARISON OF VOLCANO SIZES

4. Colima Volcano, México, a typical strato- or composite-volcano

5. Louwala-Clough (Mt. St. Helens)

7. was once the maiden Loowit, who was turned into this beautiful volcano She was fought over by two warriors: Wy’east (Mt. Hood), who sends lava streams and throws hot stones Pahto (Mt. Adams), who mainly hunches over gloomily

9. Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake)

10. llao was an underworld god (kind of ugly), and Skell was a sky god. llao could only see the outside world by peeking out of the summit crater (no lake then). Llao fell in love with a chief’s daughter, who rejected him. He took revenge on people, and Skell came to their aid. The two warriors fought a huge battle, probably an account of the caldera-forming eruption of Mt. Mazama ~6800 years ago. Now, Llao and Skell stare at each other from afar from: http://oregonexplorer.info/craterlake/history.html

11. Painting of what the Mt. Mazama eruption might have looked like http://gonzopublicrelations.blogspot.com/2013/08/mt-mazama.html

12. http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/levin/0471697435/chap_tut/chaps/chapter15-04.html

13. DEVIL’S TOWER (BEAR ROCK), THE ERODED CORE OF A THICK LAVA FLOW OR SHALLOW INTRUSION, WITH SPECTACULAR COLUMNAR JOINTS (the first National Monument, 1906) http://paranormalknowledge.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/devilstower.jpg

14. Air view of Devil’s Tower (Mató Thípila ("Bear Lodge") in Lakota http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Devils_Tower_aerial.jpg/1024px-Devils_Tower_aerial.jpg

15. Native American stories involve a bear trying to get one or more people who have climbed to the top of the tower. The bear tries and tries to climb to the top, but keeps sliding back down. His claws scratched the side of the mountain. There are many other stories: http://www.nps.gov/deto/historyculture/sacredsite.htm photo from: http://www.piquaclimber.com/past/dtower/dt1.jpg painting from: http://www.gerhard-lang.com/legend_of_devils_tower.jpg

16. http://www.piquaclimber.com/past/dtower/dt.htm

17. Volcanoes of México

18. Popocatépetl and Iztaccihuatl, the angry warrior and his sleeping beloved http://legadema.deviantart.com/art/Popocatepetl-and-Iztaccihuatl-77879546

19. Popocatépetl is active, and has been erupting off and on since the mid 1990s Iztaccihuatl has been carved by glaciers, and therefore hasn’t erupted for at least ~10,000 years http://www.mexonline.com/culture/images/popo2.jpg

20. AOTEAROA http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/artwork/6720/maui

21. Active volcanoes in Aotearoa Auckland White Island Tongariro cluster (Ruapehu, Tongariro, Ngauruhoe) Taupo Rotorua Taranaki

22. Ngauruhoe, the embodiment of Tongariro Pihanga, the beautiful volcano who chose Tongariro over all others Taranaki, who wandered broken- hearted into the sunset (West)

23. Geologic maps of part of the Central Volcanic Zone, North Island

24. http://info.geonet.org.nz/display/volc/Ngauruhoe Ngaruruhoe erupting in 1974

25. http://www.photovolcanica.com/VolcanoInfo/Tongariro/NZ07_8571.jpg

26. Photo by Dan Johnson Mayon, Philippines A beautiful princess had a possessive uncle named Magayon. One day a young prince climbed into the princess’s room and enticed her to elope. The uncle was furious, and chased them. They preyed to the gods, who sent a landslide to bury the uncle. Mayon eruptions are the Uncle, still pissed off annoyed.

27. Pyroclastic flows, Mayon

28. The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption in the 1400s: when was it, and did it have global effects?

29. Monzier et al. (1994)

30. http://www.futura-sciences.com/comprendre/d/images/473/vanuatu_47.jpg

31. A legend tells of Raherir, a man so old he couldn’t move, but who was kept alive by a spell. He instructed his sons on how to cause a tsunami that would drown him, and this tsunami also killed many people. Many oral histories tell of a huge eruption “When embellishments common to oral folklore are filtered out, it appears that after several strong earthquakes of increasing magnitude, Kuwae tilted and broke into several pieces while a gigantic eruption was ocurring.” (Monzier et al., 1994) A young chief, Ti Tongoa Liseiriki, was one of the people who re-settled the nearby islands after the eruption So…when was the eruption? Ti Tongoa Liseiriki died in 1475 based on 14 C dating of his skeleton 14 C dating of carbonized wood in eruption deposits on nearby islands give eruption dates of between 1420 and 1430 KUWAE, VANUATU

32. Records from the Ming Dynasty (China) for the spring of 1453 mention: - "Non-stop snow damaged wheat crops" - dust darkened the sky - "Several feet of snow fell in six provinces; tens of thousands of people froze to death". - Early in 1454, "it snowed for 40 days south of the Yangtze River and countless died of cold and famine". - Lakes and rivers froze, and the Yellow Sea was ice-bound even 20 kilometers (13 miles) from shore. In Sweden, corn tithes fell to zero In W. North America, Europe, and China, tree rings show stunted growth from 1453-1457 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman sultan Mehmet II, accompanied by lurid sunrises and sunsets as well as a strange fog Ice cores in Antarctica show increased acidity in the 1453 layer But…