1. Signaling and the Signal Transduction Cascade

2. Question?????? External Stimulus Inside cell Nucleus, Gene transcription Other cellular effects

3. General signaling principles:

5. Kinase: an enzyme which phosphorylates a specific amino acid residue by transferring a phosphate group from ATP Tyrosine Serine/Threonine Histidine Phosphatase: an enzyme which removes a phosphate group from a protein

6. Phosphorylation and adaptor proteins:

7. Calcium signaling:

8. Small G protein signaling:

10. Heterotrimeric (large) G protein signaling:

13. B cell receptor signaling:

17. T cell receptor signaling:

21. NFkB activation

22. Cytokine signaling:

23. Lymphocyte Programmed Cell Death