1. TDS The Energy Center Wabash Valley Power Association, April 18th, 2007 Nanotechnology and the Energy Challenge Building photographs by Steve Hall © Hedrich Blessing Tim Sands Director, Birck Nanotechnology Center Tim Sands Director, Birck Nanotechnology Center

2. TDS The Energy Center Outline  The nanoWorld  The terawatt challenge  Another solid-state revolution - from electronics to energy conversion  Nanomaterials as the difference maker  Solid-state lighting

3. TDS The Energy Center How big is a nanometer?  1 billionth of a meter  1/50,000 the diameter of a human hair  40% of the diameter of a DNA molecule  5 times the interatomic spacing in a silicon crystal  1 billionth of a meter  1/50,000 the diameter of a human hair  40% of the diameter of a DNA molecule  5 times the interatomic spacing in a silicon crystal 1 nm PolySi image: C. Song, NCEM

4. TDS The Energy Center Nanotechnology research …and what we know well enough The collective behavior of microscale and macroscale systems Materials, devices and systems at the frontier between what we know well… The electronic structure and chemistry of atoms and small molecules

5. TDS The Energy Center What is special about nanomaterials?  Electronic & optical properties  Nanowires and nanotubes are the most confining electrical conductors - puts the squeeze on electrons  Can be defect free - electrons move “ballistically”  Quantum confinement - tunable optical properties  Mechanical properties  Small enough to be defect-free, thus exhibiting ideal strength  Thermal properties  Can be designed to conduct heat substantially better (or much worse) than nearly every bulk material  Chemical properties  Dominated by large surface-to-volume ratio Nanowires, Nanotubes and Quantum Dots are New Materials! Dekker Frankel Manna

6. TDS The Energy Center The terawatt challenge Adapted from Richard Smalley’s presentation on “Our Energy Challenge” at the 2004 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA 12/14/04 Primary source for 2003 data: International Energy Agency

7. TDS The Energy Center Rolling final report  The population will grow from 6.5 B to 10 B  The rate of global energy consumption will double  CO 2 emissions will need to be reduced by a factor of two  Oil production will decrease  The use of nuclear energy will increase  Solar, wind, and geothermal will increase dramatically  Conservation will be an essential element of the solution By 2050, it is likely that….

8. TDS The Energy Center The solid-state part of the solution…  More efficient devices for…  LED-based lighting  Thermoelectric refrigeration  Thermoelectric and thermophotovoltaic conversion of waste heat  Photovoltaic conversion of solar energy and production of hydrogen  Added benefits  Compact  Robust  Low environmental impact  Challenges  Efficiency breakthroughs needed!  Availability and price of raw materials  Manufacturing costs

9. TDS The Energy Center The solid-state part of the solution…  More efficient devices for…  LED-based lighting  Thermoelectric refrigeration  Thermoelectric and thermophotovoltaic conversion of waste heat  Photovoltaic conversion of solar energy and production of hydrogen  Added benefits  Compact  Robust  Low environmental impact  Challenges  Efficiency breakthroughs needed!  Availability and price of raw materials  Manufacturing costs Nanostructured semiconductors? Thin films instead of bulk? “Bottom-up” nanofabrication? nano ^

10. TDS The Energy Center Solid-state lighting - the opportunity  Electricity generation accounts for about 37% of primary energy consumption in the U.S.*  Lighting accounts for 22% of the nation’s electric power usage.  The DoE Goal: a solid-state lamp that is more efficient, longer lasting and cost competitive compared to conventional technologies, targeting a system efficiency of 50% and the color quality of sunlight.  Implications of Success: 33% reduction in energy consumed for lighting by 2025, eliminating need for 41 1000MW power plants, and saving consumers $128 B +. +Navigant Consulting (11/03) *Annual Energy Outlook (02)

11. TDS The Energy Center Solid-State Lighting www.twsignal.com/tw From traffic lights, outdoor displays, and projection TV to general illumination? Light-emitting diode (LED): A semiconductor device that converts electric power to monochromatic light by injecting electrons into bonds between atoms in a crystal, converting the released energy into a particle of light, or “photon.” The color of the light is determined by the strength of the bond. A range of bond strengths is needed to generate white light.

12. TDS The Energy Center LEDs across the visible After Craford, MRS Bulletin, 2000 III-V LEDs cover the visible spectrum, but not with one materials system Nanomaterials offer tunable light emission properties… the bridge to efficient solid-state white lamps Frankel

13. TDS The Energy Center “Solid-State Lighting Research and Development Portfolio - Multi-Year Program Plan FY’07-FY’12, “prepared for DoE by Navigant Consulting, March 2006 Efficiency trends

14. TDS The Energy Center “Solid-State Lighting Research and Development Portfolio - Multi-Year Program Plan FY’07-FY’12, “prepared for DoE by Navigant Consulting, March 2006 Haitz’s Law

15. TDS The Energy Center True cost of light “Solid-State Lighting Research and Development Portfolio - Multi-Year Program Plan FY’07-FY’12, “prepared for DoE by Navigant Consulting, March 2006

16. TDS The Energy Center Conclusions  Solid-state lighting will exploit nanomaterials to reduce the electric power consumed for lighting by 33%  Next: nanostructured materials for direct solid-state conversion of heat to electric power  Conversion of waste heat in exhaust  Powering of ships  Solar generators  On the horizon: nanostructured materials for solid-state refrigeration  Replacing compressor-based refrigerators A nano-enabled solid-state revolution