1. Attachment Strong emotional bond one individual forms for anotherStrong emotional bond one individual forms for another Endures across timeEndures across time Expressed in behaviors that promote proximity and contactExpressed in behaviors that promote proximity and contact PurposePurpose –Survival –emotional survival –cognitive stimulation –social: Synchronized routines

2. Theories of Attachment Freud/psychoanalysis: First to emphasize importance of emotional ties to mothers for psychological development. Learning theories: emphasize basic drives (e.g., hunger) – become attached to those who meet those needs.

3. Harlow’s Study of Attachment Infant rhesus monkeys were placed with two surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one covered with soft cloth Milk-producing nipple was attached to either the wire or the cloth mother Regardless of who fed, monkeys preferred terry cloth mom when needing comforting

4. Contact Time with Wire and Cloth Surrogate Mothers 24 0 6 12 18 21-251-5 6-10 11-10 16-20 Age (in days).................... Infant monkey fed on wire mother Infant monkey fed on cloth mother Hours per day spent with wire mother Hours per day spent with cloth mother Mean hours per day

5. Harlow studies Effects of Isolation Attachment was based on “contact comfort” rather than feeding Critical period

6. Normal Play Behaviors

7. Effects of Isolation

8. Ethologists Study biological basis of behavior (evolutionary context) Conrad Lorenz: imprinting Klaus and Kennell: bonding - critical period

9. Bowlby Children who form attachment to adult more likely to survive Infants become attached to those who respond consistently and appropriately to behaviors meant to elicit help and care

10. Measuring Attachment Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation: measures quality of attachment

11. Categories of Attachment Secure attachment –Most likely when parents respond predictably and appropriately  trust –Sensitive and responsive parents at 3 months  secure attachment at 12 months –Study in Netherlands: secure attachment more likely if mother had 3 months training emphasizing how to respond appropriately and promptly

12. Categories of Attachment Insecure avoidant Insecure ambivalent Recent 4th category: disorganized

13. Separation Episode

14. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS Friendship: A close, mutual, and voluntary relationship between peers Reciprocal and persist over time Functions include support, companionship, affection, and stimulation Functions change over time Help children learn relationship skills

15. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS: Social Relations among Infants/Toddlers Young infants show mutual gaze By 6 months, infants interact with each other by babbling, smiling, and touching Great individual variability among infants in social responsiveness By 12 months, infants imitate each other’s actions and share and play together with toys

16. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS: Social Relations Among Infants/Toddlers With emerging language and motor skills, toddlers interact with increasing complexity Coordinated imitation becomes much more frequent Early interactions help children learn important social skills Playmates often chosen by convenience By age 2 mutually preferred playmates seen

17. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS: The Preschool and Childhood Years Social contacts increase dramatically as children enter school Larger peer group, less adult supervision Main ingredients in forming friendships are opportunity and similarity Number of “best friends” increases until about age 11 when children become more selective

18. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS: The Preschool and Childhood Years Children’s close friendships typically progress through three stages: 1.Play-based friends (ages 3 to 7 years) 2.Loyal and faithful friends (ages 8 to 11 years) 3.Intimate friends (adolescence and beyond)

19. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS: Gender Segregation among Friends Prominent feature of children’s friendships is gender segregation - tendency to associate with same sex peers Occurs in every cultural setting Clear preference for same-sex play partners evident by 2 to 3 years of age Gender segregation very prominent after age 3

20. GENDER PREFERENCES IN PLAY PARTNERS

21. FRIENDSHIPS AND PEER RELATIONS: Gender Segregation among Friends As consequence of gender segregation, boys and girls grow up in different gender cultures Boys tend to play in larger groups and are more active and physically aggressive Girls develop closer ties in smaller groups; emphasize social closeness and sensitivity

22. SOCIAL STATUS AMONG PEERS: Categories of Popular/Unpopular Children Peer nomination technique frequently used to measure social status in childhood Five categories typically result from peer nominations: popular, rejected, average, controversial, and neglected

23. SOCIAL STATUS AMONG PEERS: Categories of Popular/Unpopular Children

24. Category of rejected children includes two very different subtypes About 50% are considered rejected-aggressive, 20% rejected-withdrawn Controversial children receive large number of both positive and negative nominations Associations between category and characteristics only correlational; don’t know cause and effect

25. SOCIAL STATUS AMONG PEERS: Social Cognition Model of Peer Relations Ken Dodge and associates have developed a social cognition model to explain differences in social behavior Consists of perceiving information in social setting, interpreting the situation, and then considering responses and enacting one Related to peer popularity Factors such as infant temperament and attachment relationships may lead to positive or negative patterns of social cognition

26. SOCIAL STATUS AMONG PEERS: Consequences of Peer Rejection Early negative social experiences may cause continuing problems in later years Peer rejection associated with academic difficulties, higher rates of delinquency, arrest, violence, and substance abuse Often implicated in school violence Withdrawn children are at greater risk for depression, loneliness, negative self-worth Intervention programs helpful