1. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 1 The Digital Logic Level Ass Prof Dr. Masri Ayob

2. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 2 Digital and Analog Quantities Analog quantities have continuous valuesAnalog quantities have continuous values Digital quantities have discrete sets of valuesDigital quantities have discrete sets of values

3. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 3 Digital and Analog Quantities Analog quantities have continuous values Digital quantities have discrete sets of values

4. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 4 Digital and Analog Quantities Types of electronic devices or instruments: AnalogAnalog DigitalDigital Combination analog and digitalCombination analog and digital

5. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 5 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1.The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1.

6. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 6 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1 They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1

7. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 7 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary values are also represented by voltage levels

8. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 8 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms t w = pulse widtht w = pulse width T = period of the waveformT = period of the waveform f = frequency of the waveformf = frequency of the waveform

9. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 9 Basic Logic Operations There are only three basic logic operations:

10. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 10 Gates (a) A transistor inverter. (b) A NAND gate. (c) A NOR gate.

11. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 11 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Comparison functionComparison function Decoding functionDecoding function Counting functionCounting function Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions Code conversion functionCode conversion function Encoding functionEncoding function Data selection functionData selection function Data storage functionData storage function

12. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 12 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Comparison functionComparison function –Compares two binary values and determines whether or not they are equal Decoding functionDecoding function –Converts binary-coded information into a non-binary form Counting functionCounting function –Generates sequences of digital pulse that represent numbers

13. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 13 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Arithmetic functionsArithmetic functions –Perform the basic arithmetic operations on two binary values: AdditionAddition Subtraction of two valuesSubtraction of two values MultiplicationMultiplication DivisionDivision

14. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 14 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Code conversion functionCode conversion function –Converts, or translates, information from one code format to another. Encoding functionEncoding function –Converts non-binary information into a binary code

15. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 15 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Data selection functionData selection function –Multiplexer (mux) Switches digital data from any number of input sources to a single output lineSwitches digital data from any number of input sources to a single output line Demultiplexer (demux)Demultiplexer (demux) –switches digital data from a single input to any number of output lines

16. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 16 Overview of Basic Logic Functions Data storage functionData storage function –Retains binary data for a period of time Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators)Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators) RegistersRegisters Semiconductor memoriesSemiconductor memories Magnetic-media memoriesMagnetic-media memories Optical-media memoriesOptical-media memories

17. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 17 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits IC package styles Dual in-line package (DIP)Dual in-line package (DIP) Small-outline IC (SOIC)Small-outline IC (SOIC) Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP) Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC) Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

18. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 18 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Dual in-line package (DIP)Dual in-line package (DIP)

19. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 19 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Small-outline IC (SOIC)Small-outline IC (SOIC)

20. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 20 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Flat pack (FP)Flat pack (FP)

21. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 21 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)

22. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 22 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)

23. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 23 Introduction to Programmable Logic SPLD—Simple programmable logic devicesSPLD—Simple programmable logic devices CPLD—Complex programmable logic devicesCPLD—Complex programmable logic devices FPGA—Field-programmable gate arraysFPGA—Field-programmable gate arrays

24. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 24 Introduction to Programmable Logic SPLDSPLD –PAL (programmable array logic) –GAL (generic array logic) –PLA (programmable logic array) –PROM (programmable read-only memory)

25. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 25 Test and Measurement Instruments Analog OscilloscopeAnalog Oscilloscope Digital OscilloscopeDigital Oscilloscope Logic AnalyzerLogic Analyzer Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current ProbeLogic Probe, Pulser, and Current Probe DC Power SupplyDC Power Supply Function GeneratorFunction Generator Digital MultimeterDigital Multimeter

26. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 26 Logic Gates InverterInverter AND GateAND Gate OR GateOR Gate Exclusive-OR GateExclusive-OR Gate NAND GateNAND Gate NOR GateNOR Gate Exclusive-NOR GateExclusive-NOR Gate

27. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 27 The Inverter Boolean expressionTruth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH Pulsed waveforms The output of an inverter is always the complement (opposite) of the input.

28. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 28 The AND Gate The AND Gate Boolean expression Truth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH Pulsed waveforms The output of an AND gate is HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.

29. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 29 The AND Gate The AND Gate 3-Input AND Gate 4-Input AND Gate

30. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 30 The OR Gate Boolean expression Truth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH The output of an OR gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are HIGH Pulsed waveforms

31. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 31 The OR Gate 3-Input OR Gate 4-Input OR Gate

32. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 32 The NAND Gate Boolean expression Truth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH The output of a NAND gate is HIGH whenever one or more inputs are LOW. Pulsed waveforms

33. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 33 The NAND Gate 3-Input NAND Gate 4-Input NAND Gate

34. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 34 The NOR Gate Boolean expression Truth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH The output of a NOR gate is LOW whenever one or more inputs are HIGH. Pulsed waveforms

35. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 35 The NOR Gate 3-Input NOR Gate 4-Input NOR Gate

36. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 36 Exclusive-OR Gate Boolean expression Truth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH The output of an XOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are different. Pulsed waveforms

37. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 37 Exclusive-NOR Gate Boolean expression Truth table 0 = LOW 1 = HIGH The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH whenever the two inputs are identical. Pulsed waveforms

38. Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 38 Thank you Q&A