1. International Network on Biofixation of CO2 and International Network on Biofixation of CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Abatement with Microalgae Greenhouse Gas Abatement with Microalgae EPRI Rio Tinto ExxonMobil Arizona Public Services ENEL Produzione Ricerca Gas Technology Institute Gas Technology Institute

2. AN R& D ROADMAP FOR MICROALGAE BIOFIXATION Background: Microalgae, by nature, require sunlight for cultivation Only a few species currently being mass cultured in outdoor ponds High-value food supplements/specialty animal feeds main products Microalgae ponds used in wastewater treatment (but not unialgal) Microalgae proposed for greenhouse gas abatement Both open ponds and closed photobioreactors being proposed Major R&D programs in US (1980 -1995) and Japan (1990 -2000) International Network on Biofixation of CO2 and Greenhouse gas Abatement with Microalgae started operation in June 2002.

3. AN R& D ROADMAP FOR MICROALGAE BIOFIXATION Background: Microalgae, by nature, require sunlight for cultivation Only a few species currently being mass cultured in outdoor ponds High-value food supplements/specialty animal feeds main products Microalgae ponds used in wastewater treatment (but not unialgal) Microalgae proposed for greenhouse gas abatement For larger volume products major R&D advances are required : Maintain specific algal strains against invaders and grazers Achieve high productivities of biomass and higher value products Develop low-cost and reliable harvesting technologies Must process the biomass for multiple products / services.

4. R&D PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS APPLICATIONS for mitigating GHGs / replacing fossil fuels: Stand-alone Systems Waste treatment Co-products APPLICATIONS for mitigating GHGs / replacing fossil fuels: Stand-alone Systems Waste treatment Co-products PROCESSES RENEWABLE FUELS AND GHG MITIATION: Biofuels (CH 4, ethanol, biodiesel, H 2, etc.) Fertilizers, biopolymers Clean water RENEWABLE FUELS AND GHG MITIATION: Biofuels (CH 4, ethanol, biodiesel, H 2, etc.) Fertilizers, biopolymers Clean water PRODUCTS CO 2 INPUTS CONCENTRATED CO 2 SOURCES: Power Plants Industries Others CONCENTRATED CO 2 SOURCES: Power Plants Industries Others MICROALGAE MASS CULTURE SYSTEMS Open Ponds Photobioreactors Harvesting/ Processing MICROALGAE MASS CULTURE SYSTEMS Open Ponds Photobioreactors Harvesting/ Processing ENGINEERING/ COST ASSESSMENTS Engineering Designs Cost Estimates GHG Accounting Markets and Products ENGINEERING/ COST ASSESSMENTS Engineering Designs Cost Estimates GHG Accounting Markets and Products SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES ANALYSIS ALGAL STRAINS Genetics Metabolism Physiology Ecology ALGAL STRAINS Genetics Metabolism Physiology Ecology

5. R & D TARGETS FOR THE NETWORK Isolate/select algal strains useful for mass culture Manage ponds for algal species and culture stability Maximize overall algal biomass productivity Maximize C-storage products and co-products Demonstrate large-scale, low cost algal cultivation Develop low cost harvesting technologies Processing for biofuels and higher value co-products. Demonstrate waste treatment - nutrient recovery

6. MICROALGAE BIOFIXATION PATHWAYS. Municipal wastewater treatment with CO 2 utilization: reduce energy use, biofuels, recycle nutrients, etc. Agricultural / aquacultural / industrial waste treatment with CO 2 utilization, biofuels and feed co-products. Nitrogen fixation and nutrient recycling for agricultural fertilizer applications.. Co-production of biofuels and large volume / higher value by- products (biopolymers, feeds, etc.)

7. POWER PLANT & CO2 CAPTURE (CYANOTECH)

9. Botryococcus braunii