1. MIPS Programming Arrays Writing Procedures: Calling Convention

2. Memory Setup in C/Java C++: int *intarray = new int[10]; Java: int[] intarray = new int[10]; What does this do? What does the memory look like? Where is intarray[5] located? intarray + 20 Where is intarray[i] located? intarray + 4*i intarray intarray + 20 &(intarray[0]) + 20 intarray &(intarray[0])

3. Declaring & Initializing Global Arrays in HLL int GlobalA = 3; int GlobalB[] = {0x20040002, 0x20080001, 0x200b0001, 0x8b502a, 0x15400003, 0x01084020, 0x20840000, 0x800fffa, 0x10010200, 0x00000000}; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { } public class MyClass{ public static int GlobalA = 3; public static int GlobalB[] = {0x20040002, 0x20080001, 0x200b0001, 0x8b502a, 0x15400003, 0x01084020, 0x20840000, 0x800fffa, 0x10010200, 0x00000000}; };

4. Declaring & Initializing Global Arrays in MIPS.data GlobalA:.word 0x03; GlobalB:.word 0x20040002 0x20080001 0x200b0001 0x8b502a.word 0x15400003 0x01084020 0x20840000 0x800fffa.word 0x10010200 0x00000000.text main:

5. Declaring & Initializing Local Arrays int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int LocalA = 5; int LocalB[] = {1,2,3}; } add $sp, $sp, -(24 + x + 4 + 12)# where x is space for preserved regs addi $t0, $0, 5 sw $t0, 12($sp) addi $t0, $0, 1 sw $t0, 0($sp) addi $t0, $0, 2 sw $t1, 4($sp) addi $t0, $0, 3 sw $t1, 8($sp) // and so forth Not possible in Java!!!!! In Java, arrays are references to Array objects.

6. Declaring & Initializing Heap Arrays in HLL int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int *LocalA = (int *)malloc(4); *LocalA = 5; int *LocalB = (int *)malloc(12); LocalB[0] = 1; LocalB[1] = 2; LocalB[2] = 3; } public class MyClass{ public static void main(int argc, String argv) { int LocalA[] = new int[1]; LocalA[0] = 5; int LocalB[] = new int[3]; LocalB[0] = 1; LocalB[1] = 2; LocalB[2] = 3; } };

7. Declaring & Initializing Heap Arrays in MIPS add $sp, $sp, -(24 + x + 8)# where x is space for preserved regs addi $a0, $0, 4 jal malloc sw $v0, 4($sp) // store the reference into the stack addi $t0, $0, 5 sw $t0, 0($v0) // initialize first elements as 5 (*LocalA = 5) addi $a0, $0, 12 jal malloc sw $v0, 0($sp) // store the reference into the stack addi $t0, $0, 1 sw $t0, 0($v0) // LocalB[0] = 1 addi $t0, $0, 2 sw $t0, 4($v0) // LocalB[1] = 2 addi $t0, $0, 3 sw $t0, 8($v0) // LocalB[2] = 3

8. MIPS Example 5 Translate int A[100]; // ints are 4 bytes in C/Java char B[100]; // chars are 1 byte in C char c = B[50]; A[1] = A[5] + 7; Assumptions: A & B are global c is in the stack, 6 bytes from $sp Use LoadByte, not LoadWord, because char (in C) is 1 byte la $s1, B lb $t1, 50($s1)# $t1 = B[50]; lw $t0, 5 ($s0); x = A[5];lw $t0, 20 ($s0)# $t0 = A[5]; addi $t0, $t0, 7# $t0 = A[5] + 7; sw $t0, 4 ($s0)# A[1] = A[5] + 7; sb $t1, 6($sp)# c = B[50]; la $s0, A

9. MIPS Example 6 Translate int A[100]; int i; … x = A[i]; sll $t1, $s1, 2# $t1 = i<<2 or i * 4 add $t1, $s0, $t1# $t1 = (i*4+&A[0]) or &(A[i]) lw $t0, 0($t1)# $t0 = A[i]; Assumptions: &(A[0]) is in $s0, x is in $t0 i is in $s1

10. Procedure Calls Procedure must work the same from any call Procedure uses regs that main was using We need a convention to –pass arguments –preserve registers, stack –pass return values Main Procedure Call Procedure

11. NameReg NumberUsagePreserved across call? $zero0The constant 0Yes $v0-$v12-3Function resultsNo $a0-$a34-7Function ArgumentsNo $t0-$t78-15TemporariesNo $s0-$s716-23SavedYes $t8-$t924-25More temporariesNo $gp28Global pointerYes $sp29Stack pointerYes $fp30Frame pointerYes $ra31Return addressYes Page 140, Figure 3.13 MIPS-specific info

12. MIPS-specific info – who cares? Preserved – Value is same after call –Caller – excellent! no worries! –Procedure – may not destroy value must store at beginning and restore at end to use Not preserved – No guarantees –Caller – loses value in register most store before call and restore after call –Procedure – may use without worries

13. Steps for caller 0. Store any temp regs whose values we need Pass function parameters to procedure Transfer control to procedure (then procedure executes) Get return value Restore any temp regs we saved away

14. Steps for procedure 1.Allocate stack space 2.Store preserved regs we may use 3.Perform task 4.Place result in proper location for caller 5.Restore preserved regs we may have used 6.Transfer control back to caller

15. Caller: 4. Restore regs Assume: g,h are in $s2,$s3. We want return value in $s0. Caller wants to preserve $t0 across function call. Callee: int MyFunc(int g, int h) {return (g + h);} Caller: sw $t0, 0($sp) add $a0, $s2, $zero add $a1, $s3, $zero jal MyFunc add $s0, $v0, $zero lw $t0, 0($sp) Load from same location in the stack

16. Definitions Leaf function –Makes no function calls –You need not store $ra into the stack Non-leaf function –Contains a function call –You MUST store $ra in the stack and restore before returning to caller

17. Allocating stack space $sp Stack space for this function Only allocate once per function!!!! $sp contains address of bottom of stack. What operation on $sp allocates space? Minimum allocation: 24 bytes

18. Callee: 7. Return to caller Assume: g,h are in $s2,$s3. We want return value in $s0. Caller wants to preserve $t0 across function call. int MyFunc(int g, int h) {return (g + h);} Caller: sw $t0, 0($sp) add $a0, $s2, $zero add $a1, $s3, $zero jal MyFunc add $s0, $v0, $zero lw $t0, 0($sp) Callee: addi $sp, $sp, -32 sw $s0, 0 ($sp) add $s0, $a0, $a1 add $v0, $s0, $zero lw $s0, 0 ($sp) addi $sp, $sp, 32 jr $ra

19. What actually goes in stack $ra Extra Arguments Extra outgoing arguments $sp before call $sp during call padding local data L*4 bytes for local data P*4 bytes for preserved regs ($s0- $s7) A*4 bytes for outgoing args $fp preserved registers (and $a0-$a3) $fp during call

20. Example int foo(int arg1, int arg2) { int myarray[64]; myarray[3] = 5; … bar(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5); … return (myarray[3]); } Local 256- byte array Non-leaf function Assume it needs 2 saved registers

21. outgoing arg 5 $s1 $s0 padding addi$sp, $sp, - (1+64+1+2+6)*4 sw$ra, 73*4($sp) sw$fp, 72*4($sp) sw$s1, 67*4($sp) sw$s0, 66*4($sp) addi$t0, $zero,5# $t0 = 5 sw$t0, (1+3)*4 ($sp)# myarray[3] = 5 … lw$ra, 73*4($sp) lw$fp, 72*4($sp) lw$s1, 67*4($sp) lw$s0, 66*4($sp) addi$sp, $sp, (1+64+1+2+6)*4 jr $ra myarray $sp before call $sp during call Caller’s Stack $a3 $a2 $ra $fp $a0 $a1 Minimum Allocation

22. Another Example: int SumToN(int N) { int sum = 0; while (N > 0) { sum += N; N--; } return sum; } SumToN: add $v0, $0, $0 loop: slt $t0, $0, $a0 beq $t0, $0, end add $v0, $v0, $a0 addi $a0, $a0, -1 j loop end: jr $ra

23. Third Example: int SumNtotheM(int N, int M) { int sum = 0; while (N > 0) { sum += power(N,M); N--; } return sum; } SumToNtotheM: add $sp, $sp, -32 sw $ra, 14($sp) add $t0, $0, $0 loop:slt $t0, $0, $a0 beq $t0, $0, end sw $a0, 28($sp) sw $a1, 24($sp) sw $t0, 0($sp) jal power lw $t0, 0($sp) lw $a0, 28($sp) lw $a1, 24($sp) add $t0, $v0, $t0 addi $a0, $a0, -1 j loop end:add $v0, $t0, $0 lw $ra, 14($sp) add $sp, $sp, 32 jr $ra