5. Cold advection Radiational cooling of clouds Solar heating of Earth’s surface Warm air advection at surface Air moving over a warm surface

6. LIFTING OF ENTIRE AIRMASS

9. Rainshadow

15. Q. Why are cloud droplets larger over the ocean?

16. Most collide on forward edge Some collide on backside Terminal velocity: Almost 10 m/s

17. Q. Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?

18. Supercooled water droplets

19. Ice forms directly on ice nuclei Promote freezing of supercooled droplets (contact nuclei)

20. Higher saturation vapour pressure Ice crystals grow at the expense of water droplets

21. Riming causes snow pellets (graupel) -supercooled droplets freeze on contact Snowflakes form through aggregation

24. Source: Desert Research Institute, Nevada, USA Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA

56. Remember the paper cup experiment