1. The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Sensor and Data Processing Overview (Mark) David Lewis, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center Rick Gould, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center Robert Arnone, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center Paul Lyon, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center Paul Martinolich, QinetiQ North America Weilin Hou, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center Ronnie Vaughan, QinetiQ North America Adam Lawson, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center Theresa Scardino, Naval Research Laboratory-Stennis Space Center William Snyder, Naval Research Laboratory Robert Lucke, Naval Research Laboratory Michael Corson, Naval Research Laboratory Marcos Montes, Naval Research Laboratory Curtiss Davis, Oregon State University

2. Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) Left, HICO, before integration into HREP. Right red arrow shows location of HREP on the JEM-EF. HICO is integrated and flown under the direction of DoD’s Space Test Program Sponsored as an Innovative Naval Prototype (INP) of Office of Naval Research January 2007: HICO selected to fly on the International Space Station (ISS) November, 2007: construction began following the Critical Design Review August, 2008: sensor integration completed April, 2009: shipped to Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for launch September 10, 2009: HICO launched on JAXA H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) September 24, 2009: HICO installed on ISS Japanese Module Exposed Facility HICO sensor is first spaceborne imaging spectrometer designed to sample coastal oceans samples coastal regions at 100 m (380 to 1000 nm: at 5.7 nm bandwidth) has high signal-to-noise ratio to resolve the complexity of the coastal ocean

3. HICO Mission Requirements Launch and operate the first spaceborne coastal Maritime Hyperspectral Imager (MHSI) high signal-to-noise ratio for dark coastal scenes –large scene size and moderate spatial resolution appropriate for the coastal ocean –high sensitivity in the blue and full coverage of water-penetrating wavelengths Demonstrate scientific and naval utility of maritime hyperspectral imaging from space –bathymetry –water optical properties –bottom type –terrain and vegetation maps Demonstrate new and innovative ways to develop and build the imaging payload –reduce cost –reduce schedule Serve as an innovative pathfinder for future spaceborne hyperspectral imagers

4. Optical Components of a Coastal Scene Physical and biological modeling of the scene is often required to analyze the hyperspectral image. Accurate radiometric calibration of the imager is necessary to compare data to models Multiple light paths Scattering due to: –atmosphere –aerosols –water surface –suspended particles –bottom Absorption due to: –atmosphere –aerosols –suspended particles –dissolved matter Scattering and absorption are convolved

5. Goal: build and operate the first spaceborne hyperspectral imager designed for coastal oceans Joint effort between NRL 7200 (Remote Sensing Division) and 7300 (Oceanography Division) Other space HSI: ARTEMIS (launched this summer), Hyperion on NASA EO-1 HICO sponsored by ONR as an Innovative Naval Prototype Coordinated by DOD Space Test Program with NASA (Houston) Instrument: high signal to noise, moderate spatial resolution, large area coverage Mission planning objectives and products: –support of demonstrations of Naval utility of environmental products (ONR mission)‏ –repeat imaging of selected coastal sites worldwide over all seasons (extended mission)‏ –exploration of the wide range of solar illumination and viewing angles “provided” by the ISS (extended mission)‏ HICO Goal and Objectives

6. HICO Sensor - Stowed position Slit spectrometer & camera

7. Most Requirements Derived from Aircraft Experience To increase scene access frequency+45 to -30 degCross-track pointing Data volume and transmission constraints 1 maximumScenes per orbit Large enough to capture the scale of coastal dynamics Adequate for scale of selected coastal ocean features Sensor response to be insensitive to polarization of light from scene Provides adequate Signal to Noise Ratio after atmospheric removal Derived from Spectral Range and Spectral Channel Width Sufficient to resolve spectral features All water-penetrating wavelengths plus Near Infrared for atmospheric correction Rationale 128 Number of Spectral Channels 50 x 200 kmScene Size 100 meters Ground Sample Distance at Nadir < 5%Polarization Sensitivity > 200 to 1 for 5% albedo scene (10 nm spectral binning)‏ Signal-to-Noise Ratio for water-penetrating wavelengths 5.7 nmSpectral Channel Width 350 to 1070 nmSpectral Range PerformanceParameter

8. HICO on Japanese Module Exposed Facility Japanese Module Exposed Facility HICO

9. HICO docked at ISS HICO Viewing Slit

10. Mission Planning with Satellite Tool Kit (STK)‏ Combines targets, ISS attitude, ISS ephemeris, HICO FOR and constraints to produce list of all possible observations in particular time period Constraints include: Targets in direct sun Angle from ISS z-axis to Sun <= 140° Sun specular point exclusion angle = 30° Sun ground elevation angle >= 25°

11. HICO Target Sites Targets chosen based on: 1.Location – within latitude limits of ISS orbit 2.Type – ocean, coast, land 3.Use – CalVal, Science, Navy, etc - Currently ~100 targets identified - New sites can be added which may mean fewer observations of each site due to “competition” between sites

12. Target Sites Pacific Targets Asian Targets Pacific Targets North American Targets European TargetsMiddle Eastern Targets Local Targets

13. L0 to L1B File Generation L0 Files SOH and science data Calibrated data Attitude data SOH Data Position, velocity data Science timing data Attitude, position, velocity, time Geolocation Science data Dark subtraction 2 nd order calibration L1B HDF

14. HICO ΔPDR - APS: Automated Processing System  Individual scenes are sequentially processed from the raw digital counts (Level-1) using standard parameters to a radiometrically, atmospherically, and geometrically corrected (Level-3) product within several minutes.  It further processes the data into several different temporal (daily, 8-day, monthly, and yearly) composites or averages (Level-4).  HICO repeat may preclude this normal processing  Additionally, it automatically generates quick-look ``browse'' images in JPEG format which are stored on a web.  PNG, TiFF/GeoTiFF, World File side-car file  Populates an SQL database using PostgreSQL.  It stores the Level-3 and Level-4 data in a directory-based data base in HDF format. The data base resides on a 20TB RAID array.  APS format in netCDF (v3, v4), HDF (v4, v5).

15. HICO Processing Activity in APS Level 0 Level 01a – Navigation Level 1b- Calibration Level 2a: Sunglint Multispectral Level 1c – Modeled Sensor bands MODIS MERIS OCM SeaWIFS Level 2c: Standard APS Multispectral Algorithms Products QAA, Products At, adg, Bb, b. CHL (12) NASA: standards OC3, OC4, etc (9)‏ Navy Products Diver Visibility Laser performance K532 Etc (6) Level 3: Remapping Data and Creating Browse Images Level 2b – TAFKAA Atmospheric Correction Level 2f: Cloud and Shadow Atm Correction Level 2c- : Hyperspectral L2gen- Atm Correction Atmospheric Correction Methods Level 2d: Hyperspectral Algorithm Derived Product Hyperspectral QAA At, adg, Bb, b. CHL (12 ) CWST - LUT Bathy, Water Optics Chl, CDOM Coastal Ocean Products Methods HOPE Optimization (bathy, optics, chl, CDOM,At, bb..etc Vicarious Calibration Level 1b : Calibration Hyperspectral

16. HICO ΔPDR - APS Products Level-3 SeaWiFS Miss Bight Mercator Projection 1 KM Chlorophyll-a Diffuse Attenuation March 4,1999 NRL SSC receive station

17. North Google Earth HICO Data HICO Image Hong Kong : 10/02/09

18. Google Earth North HICO Data HICO Image Bahrain: 10/02/09

19. Google Earth North HICO Data Straits of Gibraltar: 10/13/09

20. North Google Earth HICO Data HICO Image Yangtze River: 10/21/09

21. Google Earth North HICO Data HICO Image Han River: 10/22/09

22. NRL – HICO Team Michael Corson Robert Lucke Bo-Cai Gao Charles Bachman Curt Vandetta Ellen Bennett Karen Patterson Dan Korwan Marcos Montes Nick Tufillaro Rong-Rong Li William Snyder Robert Arnone Richard Gould Paul Martinolich Weilin (Will) Hou David Lewis Martin Montes Ronnie Vaughn Theresa Scardino Adam Lawson Curtiss Davis Jasmine Nahorniak Nick Fusina ZhongPing Lee NRL – DCNRL – SSC Academic

23. HICO Docked on the Space Station Japanese Exposed Facility HICO Questions?