1. 1 Single-Factor (IV) designs All these designs we’ve talked about so far have investigated the effects of ______ IV (_______) or multiple levels of the ______ IV But, research questions and hypothesis often involve multiple IV’s, and various levels of each IV

2. 2 Factorial Designs ________________________ investigate the effects of multiple independent variables These studies investigate Multiple _______ (IVs) and ________ (variations) of those IVs  e.g., Participants in a two-factor design are exposed to particular level of factor A __________________ with particular level of factor B Level B1Level B2 Level A1Condition A1B1 Condition A1B2 Level A2Condition A2B1 Condition A2B2 Factor B Factor A

3. 3 You can use more than 2 factors, and more than two levels, but your study can get _____________, Expressed in terms of Factor 1 levels __Factor 2 levels, etc. How many numbers = how many _________ Value of number = how many ________ e.g., a 2 x 2 design has __ factors and __ levels of each e.g., a 2 x 2 X 4 design has __ factors, with the first __ factors having __ levels of the IV, the third having ___ levels of the IV Factorial Designs

4. 4 Allows you to investigate how multiple variables ______ Functional relationship is demonstrated when you see the _____________________________. Require many groups (2 x 2 = __ groups, 2 X 3 = __ groups) Can detect 2 kinds of effects  _____________: a factor (IV), regardless of level of other factor (IV), produces an effect  ______________: a factor (IV) only produces an effect at one level of the other factor (IV) Factorial Designs

5. 5 Factorial Designs: Example Factor (IV): A. Context: Gain or Loss B. Outcome type: Hypothetical or Real Level (variations of IV) A1. Money gains A2. Money losses B1. Hypothetical money B2. Real money GainLoss HypotheticalGain/HypLoss/Hyp RealGain/RealLoss/Real Factor A = Context Factor B = Outcome Type Variables influencing risk taking:

6. 6 ____ main effect, ____ interaction GainLoss Hyp.Gain/Hyp 5 Loss/Hyp 6 11 RealGain/Real 6 Loss/Real 5.5 11.5 1111.5 A B

7. 7 Main effect, no interaction ________________ : Main effect Factor ____ GainLoss Hyp.Gain/Hyp 10 Loss/Hyp 85 48 RealGain/Real 9 Loss/Real 87 48 9.586 A B

8. 8 Main effect, no interaction __________________ : Main effect Factor ___ GainLoss Hyp.Gain/Hyp 85 Loss/Hyp 83 84 RealGain/Real 15 Loss/Real 18 53 5050.5 A B

9. 9 Main effect, no interaction ___________________ : Main effect Factors ___________ GainLoss Hyp.Gain/Hyp 65 Loss/Hyp 85 75 RealGain/Real 37 Loss/Real 58 48 5171.5 A B

10. 10 No main effect, interaction effect Lines are not _______: Effects of one IV ________ on the the level of another IV GainLoss Hyp.Gain/Hyp 25 Loss/Hyp 79 52 RealGain/Real 80 Loss/Real 25 53 52.552 A B

11. 11 Main effect, interaction effect, but _____________ more important Two main effects but, lines are not ___________: Effects of one IV depends on the level of another IV GainLoss Hyp.Gain/Hyp 78 Loss/Hyp 77 78 RealGain/Real 77 Loss/Real 15 46 77.546 A B

12. 12 Factorial Design w/ Repeated measures A factorial design in which you measure performance in subjects _____________ Controls for _____________________ Example: Experimenter is interested in investigating the effects of a drug on performance rats given different diets. Each rat is given both diets and exposed to each drug dose.

13. 13 Factorial Design w/ Repeated measures Sugar richProtein Rich 0 mgSugar rich 0 Protein Rich 0 2 mgSugar rich 2 Protein Rich 2 4 mgSugar rich 4 Protein Rich 4 Diet Drug dose

14. 14 Mixed design- between/within subject A factorial design in which you measure performance in subjects _________________ Have at least one __________-subjects factor and one ___________-subjects factor Example: Experimenter is interested in investigating the effects of a drug on performance rats given different diets. Each rat is given one diet type (between-subjects variable) and exposed to each drug dose (within-subject variable).

15. 15 Mixed design- between/within subject Group 1 Sugar rich Group 2 Protein Rich 0 mgSugar rich 0 Protein Rich 0 2 mgSugar rich 2 Protein Rich 2 4 mgSugar rich 4 Protein Rich 4 Diet Drug dose Drug is the ______subject variable, Diet is the ______ subject variable

16. 16 Subject Variable In some research designs, quasi-experimental research, investigators try to relate _________ variables or non-manipulatable variables to behavior  Subject variable = __________ characteristic of individuals, e.g., gender, personality, presence of a disorder, age, IQ,  ___________ because it is not manipulated  You cannot attribute results to subject variable because other variables were ____________

17. 17 Quasi-independent or Subject variable – Variable that ____________ in the population and is not ______________, or ______. Example: Factor A. Outcome type Classification variable (non-manipulated): gender Factorial Design w/ Quasi-Independent (Subject) variable (PXE) MaleFemale HypotheticalMale/HypFemale/Hyp RealMale/RealFemale/Real Gender Outcome Type

18. 1.A factor is another name for what? 2.A 2 X 3 X 2 factorial design has how many IV’s? How many levels of each IV 3.Draw the results of a factorial design study showing 1 main effect, an interaction. TEST your knowledge

19. In a study of circadian variability in skin sensitivity, a researcher examines 2-point thresholds for 20 participants. Each is tested on three different areas of the body (thumb, forehead, thigh) at three different times of the day (9 AM, 3 PM, 9 PM, and 3 AM). The 2- point threshold is the distance between two points (in cm) touching the skin, at which a participant perceives them as two points instead of one. Describe the design of this study: ______________________

20. In a study of crowding, introverts and extraverts are to be compared. Some are tested in a large room (8’ x 8’), others are tested in a medium-sized room (6’ x 6’) and others are tested in a small room (4’ x 4’). To see if expectations will influence the outcome, half the participants in each group are told that the study hypothesizes that crowding will harm their performance; the remaining participants are told nothing about hypothesis being studied. While in the room, participants fill out an anxiety survey (psychological test), then listen to a series of brief segments of five heavy metal songs and rank them from the most annoying to the least annoying _________________________________________