1. Positivism and Post-Positivism

2. How Do We Come to Know the World?

3. Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. The Positivist View of Research

4. • Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. • Science is DETERMINISTIC. The Positivist View of Research

5. • Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. • Science is DETERMINISTIC. • Science is MECHANISTIC. The Positivist View of Research

6. • Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. • Science is DETERMINISTIC. • Science is MECHANISTIC. • Science uses METHODS.

7. • Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. • Science is DETERMINISTIC. • Science is MECHANISTIC. • Science uses METHODS. • Science only deals with what we can see or measure – EMPIRICISM. The Positivist View of Research

8. • Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. • Science is DETERMINISTIC. • Science is MECHANISTIC. • Science uses METHODS. • Science only deals with what we can see or measure – EMPIRICISM. • The best way to learn the truth is to EXPERIMENT. The Positivist View of Research

9. • Science is a way to learn the TRUTH. • Science is DETERMINISTIC. • Science is MECHANISTIC. • Science uses METHODS. • Science only deals with what we can see or measure – EMPIRICISM. • The best way to learn the truth is to EXPERIMENT. • Science is OBJECTIVE. The Positivist View of Research

10. A Post-positivist View of Research l Similarity between common sense and science

11. A Post-positivist View of Research l Similarity between common sense and science l NATURAL SELECTION model of knowing Random Variation Selective Retention

12. A Post-positivist View of Research l Similarity between common sense and science l NATURAL SELECTION model of knowing l MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES and TRIANGULATION

13. A Post-positivist View of Research l Similarity between common sense and science. l NATURAL SELECTION model of knowing. l MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES and TRIANGULATION. l Observation is THEORY-LADEN.

14. A Post-positivist View of Research l Similarity between common sense and science. l NATURAL SELECTION model of knowing. l MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES and TRIANGULATION. l Observation is THEORY-LADEN l NONREDUCTIONIST.

15. Critical Realism l Believe there’s a reality that we should try to ‘get right’ l Critical of our ability to ever get it perfectly right