1. Chapter 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Working With Financial Statements

2. 3-1 Key Concepts and Skills Understand sources and uses of cash and the Statement of Cash Flows Know how to standardize financial statements for comparison purposes Know how to compute and interpret important financial ratios Be able to compute and interpret the DuPont Identity Understand the problems and pitfalls in financial statement analysis

3. 3-2 Chapter Outline Cash Flow and Financial Statements: A Closer Look Standardized Financial Statements Ratio Analysis The DuPont Identity Using Financial Statement Information

4. 3-3 Sample Balance Sheet 2003200220032002 Cash69658A/P307303 A/R956992N/P26119 Inventory301361Other CL1,6621,353 Other CA303264Total CL1,9951,775 Total CA2,2561,675LT Debt8431,091 Net FA3,1383,358C/S2,5562,167 Total Assets 5,3945,033Total Liab. & Equity 5,3945,033 Numbers in millions

5. 3-4 Sample Income Statement Revenues5,000 Cost of Goods Sold2,006 Expenses1,740 Depreciation116 EBIT1,138 Interest Expense7 Taxable Income1,131 Taxes 442 Net Income689 EPS3.61 Dividends per share1.08 Numbers in millions, except EPS & DPS

6. 3-5 Sources and Uses Sources Cash inflow – occurs when we “sell” something Decrease in asset account (Sample B/S)Sample B/S Accounts receivable, inventory, and net fixed assets Increase in liability or equity account Accounts payable, other current liabilities, and common stock Uses Cash outflow – occurs when we “buy” something Increase in asset account Cash and other current assets Decrease in liability or equity account Notes payable and long-term debt

7. 3-6 企業中現金流量的來源 現金流入現金流出 現金 營運活動 現金銷貨 應收帳款收現 營運活動 應付帳款付現 所得稅支出 融資活動 發行普通股 發行公司債 投資活動 資產的處分 投資活動 資產的購入 融資活動 股利支付 貸款償還

8. 3-7 Statement of Cash Flows Statement that summarizes the sources and uses of cash Changes divided into three major categories Operating Activity – includes net income and changes in most current accounts Investment Activity – includes changes in fixed assets Financing Activity – includes changes in notes payable, long-term debt and equity accounts as well as dividends

9. 3-8 Sample Statement of Cash Flows Cash, beginning of year58Financing Activity Operating Activity Decrease in Notes Payable-93 Net Income689 Decrease in LT Debt-248 Plus: Depreciation116 Decrease in C/S (minus RE)-94 Decrease in A/R36 Dividends Paid-206 Decrease in Inventory60 Net Cash from Financing-641 Increase in A/P4Net Increase in Cash638 Increase in Other CL309Cash End of Year696 Less: Increase in CA-39 Net Cash from Operations1,175 Investment Activity Sale of Fixed Assets104 Net Cash from Investments104 Numbers in millions

10. 3-9 財務報表分析之特質與方法

11. 3-10 Standardized Financial Statements Common-Size Balance Sheets Compute all accounts as a percent of total assets Common-Size Income Statements Compute all line items as a percent of sales Standardized statements make it easier to compare financial information, particularly as the company grows They are also useful for comparing companies of different sizes, particularly within the same industry

12. 3-11 Ratio Analysis Ratios also allow for better comparison through time or between companies As we look at each ratio, ask yourself what the ratio is trying to measure and why is that information is important Ratios are used both internally and externally

13. 3-12 Categories of Financial Ratios Short-term solvency or liquidity ratios Long-term solvency or financial leverage ratios Asset management or turnover ratios Profitability ratios Market value ratios

14. 3-13 Computing Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio = CA / CL 2256 / 1995 = 1.13 times Quick Ratio = (CA – Inventory) / CL (2256 – 1995) / 1995 =.1308 times Cash Ratio = Cash / CL 696 / 1995 =.35 times NWC to Total Assets = NWC / TA (2256 – 1995) / 5394 =.05 Interval Measure = CA / average daily operating costs 2256 / ((2006 + 1740)/365) = 219.8 days

15. 3-14 Computing Long-term Solvency Ratios Total Debt Ratio = (TA – TE) / TA (5394 – 2556) / 5394 = 52.61% Debt/Equity = TD / TE (5394 – 2556) / 2556 = 1.11 times Equity Multiplier = TA / TE = 1 + D/E 1 + 1.11 = 2.11 Long-term debt ratio = LTD / (LTD + TE) 843 / (843 + 2556) = 24.80%

16. 3-15 Computing Coverage Ratios Times Interest Earned = EBIT / Interest 1138 / 7 = 162.57 times Cash Coverage = (EBIT + Depreciation) / Interest (1138 + 116) / 7 = 179.14 times

17. 3-16 Computing Inventory Ratios Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory 2006 / 301 = 6.66 times Days’ Sales in Inventory = 365 / Inventory Turnover 365 / 6.66 = 55 days

18. 3-17 Computing Receivables Ratios Receivables Turnover = Sales / Accounts Receivable 5000 / 956 = 5.23 times Days’ Sales in Receivables = 365 / Receivables Turnover 365 / 5.23 = 70 days

19. 3-18 Computing Total Asset Turnover Total Asset Turnover = Sales / Total Assets 5000 / 5394 =.93 It is not unusual for TAT < 1, especially if a firm has a large amount of fixed assets NWC Turnover = Sales / NWC 5000 / (2256 – 1995) = 19.16 times Fixed Asset Turnover = Sales / NFA 5000 / 3138 = 1.59 times

20. 3-19 Computing Profitability Measures Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales 689 / 5000 = 13.78% Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets 689 / 5394 = 12.77% Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Total Equity 689 / 2556 = 26.96%

21. 3-20 Computing Market Value Measures Market Price = $87.65 per share Shares outstanding = 190.9 million PE Ratio = Price per share / Earnings per share 87.65 / 3.61 = 24.28 times Market-to-book ratio = market value per share / book value per share 87.65 / (2556 / 190.9) = 6.56 times

22. 3-21 財務比率分析（續） 經濟附加價值 (EVA) 用以衡量公司稅後營業淨利和全部資金成本的差額。 EVA= 投入總資本  （資本報酬率－平均資 金成本） =1,614.22  (20% － 16%)=64.57 （億） 負的 EVA 表示資本報酬率不足以支付股東與債 權人提供資金索取的代價，若不及時改善，公 司將不斷的侵蝕老本，不利於股價表現。

23. 3-22 財務比率分析（續） 市場價值比率 以每股市價來說明企業的營運績效， 包括本益比 、股利收益率及市價對帳面價 值比及市場附加價值等。

24. 3-23 財務比率分析（續） 市場附加價值 (MVA) 投資人原始投入資金與目前市場價值之間的差 額。 MVA= 股東權益市場價值－股東權益帳 面價值 =75×76 億 7,090 萬股－ 120,770 百萬 =4,545 億 4,750 萬元 MVA 數值的大小，隱含著投資人對該公司 經營能力的認同度。 MVA 為公司未來各年預計 EVA 的折現值。

25. 3-24 Deriving the DuPont Identity ROE = NI / TE Multiply by 1 and then rearrange ROE = (NI / TE) (TA / TA) ROE = (NI / TA) (TA / TE) = ROA * EM Multiply by 1 again and then rearrange ROE = (NI / TA) (TA / TE) (Sales / Sales) ROE = (NI / Sales) (Sales / TA) (TA / TE) ROE = PM * TAT * EM

26. 3-25 杜邦等式分析

27. 3-26 Using the DuPont Identity ROE = PM * TAT * EM Profit margin is a measure of the firm’s operating efficiency – how well does it control costs Total asset turnover is a measure of the firm’s asset use efficiency – how well does it manage its assets Equity multiplier is a measure of the firm’s financial leverage

28. 3-27 Expanded DuPont Analysis – Aeropostale Data Balance Sheet Data Cash = 138,356 Inventory = 61,807 Other CA = 12,284 Fixed Assets = 94,601 EM = 1.654 Computations TA = 307,048 TAT = 2.393 Income Statement Data Sales = 734,868 COGS = 505,152 SG&A = 141,520 Interest = (760) Taxes = 34,702 Computations NI = 54,254 PM = 7.383% ROA = 17.668% ROE = 29.223%

29. 3-28 Aeropostale Extended DuPont Chart ROE = 29.223% ROA = 17.668% PM = 7.383% NI = 54,254 Total Costs = - 680,614 COGS = - 505,152 SG&A = - 141,520 Interest = - (760) Taxes = - 34,702 Sales = 734,868 TAT = 2.393 Sales = 734,868 TA = 307,048 Fixed Assets = 94,601 Current Assets = 212,447 Cash = 138,356 Inventory = 61,807 Other CA = 12,284 EM = 1.654 x x  ++

30. 3-29 Why Evaluate Financial Statements? Internal uses Performance evaluation – compensation and comparison between divisions Planning for the future – guide in estimating future cash flows External uses Creditors Suppliers Customers Stockholders

31. 3-30 Benchmarking Ratios are not very helpful by themselves; they need to be compared to something Time-Trend Analysis Used to see how the firm’s performance is changing through time Internal and external uses Peer Group Analysis Compare to similar companies or within industries SIC and NAICS codes

32. 3-31 Real World Example - I Ratios are figured using financial data from the 2003 Annual Report for Home Depot Compare the ratios to the industry ratios in Table 3.12 in the book Home Depot’s fiscal year ends Feb. 1 Be sure to note how the ratios are computed in the table so that you can compute comparable numbers. Home Depot sales = $64,816 MM

33. 3-32 Real World Example - II Liquidity ratios Current ratio = 1.40x; Industry = 1.8x Quick ratio =.45x; Industry =.5x Long-term solvency ratio Debt/Equity ratio (Debt / Worth) =.54x; Industry = 2.2x. Coverage ratio Times Interest Earned = 2282x; Industry = 3.2x

34. 3-33 Real World Example - III Asset management ratios: Inventory turnover = 4.9x; Industry = 3.5x Receivables turnover = 59.1x (6 days); Industry = 24.5x (15 days) Total asset turnover = 1.9x; Industry = 2.3x Profitability ratios Profit margin before taxes = 10.6%; Industry = 2.7% ROA (profit before taxes / total assets) = 19.9%; Industry = 4.9% ROE = (profit before taxes / tangible net worth) = 34.6%; Industry = 23.7%

35. 3-34 Potential Problems There is no underlying theory, so there is no way to know which ratios are most relevant Benchmarking is difficult for diversified firms Globalization and international competition makes comparison more difficult because of differences in accounting regulations Varying accounting procedures, i.e. FIFO vs. LIFO Different fiscal years Extraordinary events

36. 3-35 會計數字 無法反映 實際價值 會計方法的 選擇影響比 較效度 多角化投資 的影響 通貨膨脹的 影響 標竿選擇的 問題 會計數字的品 質問題 財務報表分析的限制

37. 3-36 Work the Web Example The Internet makes ratio analysis much easier than it has been in the past Click on the web surfer to go to www.investor.reuters.com Choose a company and enter its ticker symbol Click on Ratios and then Financial Condition and see what information is available

38. 3-37 Quick Quiz What is the Statement of Cash Flows and how do you determine sources and uses of cash? How do you standardize balance sheets and income statements and why is standardization useful? What are the major categories of ratios and how do you compute specific ratios within each category? What are some of the problems associated with financial statement analysis?

39. Chapter 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. End of Chapter