1. Pattern Matching in Computer Go Ling Zhao University of Alberta August 7, 2002

2. Outline Motivations Formalization A straightforward approach DFA approach Tree approach Conclusion

3. Motivations Patterns are a very important representation of knowledge Human players also use patterns But, they are stronger on inexact matching Computers are good at exact matching Pattern databases can be very large (>10,000)

4. Formalization A pattern is a set of points in an area of the board where each point (x,y) has a state in {Empty, Black, White, OutBound, DontCare} 2D -> 1D for both the board and patterns GnuGoExplorer (early version?)

5. 2D->1D ?X?.O? ?OO X: black stone O: white stone.: empty stone ?: don’t care *: don’t care, can even be out of bound B C4A D5139 628 7 Pattern: Scanning path: OO?X.?*O*?*?

6. What is the problem? Given a set of patterns, try to find all matching in the board Some issues 1. Efficiency 2. Scalability

7. Isomorphic patterns Patterns can be rotated and mirrored. The color of stones can also be reversed. A pattern can be presented in 16 forms

8. Straightforward approach For every point in the board For every transformation of patterns Try to match it Outcome A set of patterns matched in the board P: # of patterns C: average cost to match a pattern Computation: 361*16 * P * C

9. Pattern Matcher for Goliath Pattern size: 5 X 5 (25 points), can be extended to 5 X 10. 4 types for a point {White, Black, Empty, DontCare} Three 32-bit integers: one for the bitmap of black stones, one for white stone, and one for empty point. Each pattern is represented by an array of 3 32-bit integers Mark Boon, "Pattern Matcher for Goliath", Computer go 13, winter 89-90.

10. Matching Pattern test if (position & pattern == pattern) or equivalently test if (position & ~pattern == 0)

11. Implementation Issues Try the mirrored and rotated patterns (8 of them) First match the integer for empty points 99% will result in a mismatch Try matching the integers for white and black stones swap white and black colors and try matching the integers for white and black stones Only need 8 arrays for every pattern

12. Implementation Issues (cont’d) Incremental update: after a stone is added to the board, only need to try influenced positions. Demand that every pattern has no DontCare points in the 5 interior points only 243 (3^5) possibilities Database is organized as 243 lists of patterns Result in 100 times faster in general

13. Problems scalability problem: think about 1,000,000 patterns Lots of patterns may share the same prefix Need to remove redundant comparisons

14. DFA Approach DFA – Deterministic Finite Automaton A finite set of states and a set of transitions from state to state which are caused by input symbols. For each state, there is a unique transition on each symbol. GnuGo Manual, 122-128, 2002

15. A DFA to recognize ????..X A DFA to recognize ????..X and XXO

16. More DFA

17. Construct DFA Question: given two DFAs to recognize two patterns, how to build one DFA to recognize both patterns? synchronized product: B = L X R State in B are the couples (l,r) with l in L and r in R. The transition of B is the set of transitions (l1, r1)-a->(l2,r2) if l1-a->l2 in L and r1-a->r2 in R.

18. Example

19. Discussions In the worst case, the size of DFA is exponential in the number of patterns In practical situations, the size tends to be stable. Find the minimum-state DFA to recognize all patterns (optimization)

20. Tree Approach Use sampling to differentiate patterns Reduce board-pattern matching Martin Mueller’s Ph.D. Thesis, 75-78, 1995

21. Tree Approach Each pattern is covered by a grid of 4 X 4 tiles. Each point can have one of the four values Empty, Black, White, DontCare. A 32-bit integer is used to represent a tile. A Patricia tree index for differentiating the patterns is built.

22. Patricia Tree empty -- initial state insert ababb: ababb insert ababa: 1st difference is at position 5 [5] -- i.e. test position #5 a b ababa ababb insert ba: [1] a b [5] ba a b ababa ababb

23. Patricia Tree in Explorer 1.Sample positions and lead to different branches according to the value. 2.For each node, traverse both the subtree with matching color and the DontCare subtree. 3.Matching will end up with either mismatch leaves or pattern leaves. If sample points are matched, still need to do a full match for all points in the pattern.

24. Implementation Issues Compare candidate patterns for each starting positions and orientation of the board. Incremental Update Adaptive tree: after a pattern-board mismatch, replace the pattern leaf with a new node branching at the index where the mismatch occurs. Balance the Patricia tree

25. Wild Thoughts Three approaches have their own advantages: The straightforward one is simple The DFA one is powerful The Tree one is very flexible Which one is better? How to combine them?