1. A Cognitive-Load Approach to Collaborative Learning: Task and Learner Characteristics Femke Kirschner & Fred Paas Groups of collaborating learners are considered as information processing systems, in which the information within the task and cognitive load caused by the intrinsic nature of the task can be divided across multiple collaborating working memories. High complexity tasks Low complexity tasks Individual Limited processing capacity No communication & coordination (transaction costs) Group Expanded processing capacity Communication & coordination (transaction costs) OverloadDistribution advantage Relatively LOW transaction costs +--+ Distribution advantage Relatively HIGH transaction costs NO overload Individuals and groups as information processors

2. Hypothesis With low complexity tasks, group members will have to invest more mental effort in learning to achieve the same performance than individual learners, because of the relatively high transaction costs. With high complexity tasks, group members are expected to achieve a higher performance with lower learning mental effort investment than individuals, because the transaction costs are low compared to the gain afforded by a division of cognitive load between the group members. An exploration into the measurement of group cognitive load Study how individual measurements of cognitive load can be used to get a reliable estimate of the group’s or group member’s cognitive load, and how the cognitive load varies as a function of task complexity. Individual Measurement Group Measurement How Physiological measurements Task- and performance based- measurements Subjective measurements Non intrusive Valid Reliable Comparable

3. Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies Celstec.org Netherlands Laboratory for Lifelong Learning www.ou.nl Rating of perceived mental effort Rating of perceived Mental Effort How much effort did it take you to complete the task: 1. Very very low effort 2. Very low effort 3. Low effort 4. Somewhat low effort 5. Not low but also not high effort 6. Somewhat high effort 7. High effort 8. Very high effort 9. Very very high effort Transform Individual scale (original) Group member scale Group scale Output 1.Effects of Individual and Group-Based Learning from Complex Cognitive Tasks on Efficiency of Retention and Transfer Performance (Kirschner, Paas, & Kirschner, in press). 2.A Cognitive-Load Approach to Collaborative Learning: United Brains for Complex Tasks (Kirschner, Paas, & Kirschner, in press). 3.Individual versus Group Learning as a Function of Task Complexity. 4.Measurement of Group Member Cognitive Load. 5.Effects of Individual and Group-Based Learning from Worked Examples on Transfer Performance.