1. Integrated seed sector development Identifying the sectors and opportunities for interventions

2. Formal seed system Public seed sector: Development oriented seed production: produce quality seed for food security and rural development Production based on national targets High volume, low value crops; major food crops Private seed sector: Commercial oriented seed production: produce quality seed for profit Production based on sales figures and predictions Low volume, high value crops; cash crops, hybrid seeds

3. Farmers seed systems 90% of seed in developing countries provided through the farmers seed system Diverse agro-ecology, many varieties Small quantities, relevant quality Place & time of delivery, access, less costs  Farmers own seed, local seed exchange  Community-based seed production  Local Seed Business

4. Integrate farmers’ and formal seed systems genetic resources breeding multipli cation release marketing seed selection production diffusion Community biodiversity management Local seed business Participatory plant breeding PVS & farmer representation Agro-dealer networks

5. ISSD principles Integration of informal – formal system Presence of private and public sector Relevance of informal sector (farmer saved) Economic development and food security Structure of the value chain Focus: professionalization and market orientation Integration: acknowledge formal and informal systems, and public and private sectors

6. How to define a sector? 1. Define chains 2. Crops, varieties and type of seed quality 3. Role of public and private sector 4. Dissemination and marketing system

7. How to define a sector? Sector Type of cropsMajor cropsType of varietiesType of seed Seed dissemination and marketing Example: Local seed business Variety of food and cash cropsWheat, barley, beans and potatoLocal and improved varietiesQuality declared seedNGO’s & local marketing

8. Example: Seed sectors in Ethiopia Farmer saved seed Local food cropsSorghum, Teff, EnsetLocal varietiesFarmer seed Own seed and exchange, local markets Local seed business Variety of food and cash crops Wheat, barley, beans, potato, onion, maize (OPV & HV) Local and improved varieties Certified, ‘GDS’ and informal seed Variation from contractual, marketing, NGO and barter Public seed enterprises Major food and cash crops Maize (hybrid) and wheat Improved varietiesCertified seedDissemination Private seed companies High value crops Maize and exotic vegetables Hybrid varietiesCertified seedMarketing

9. Example: Seed sectors in South Sudan Farmer saved seed Local food cropsSorghumLocal varietiesFarmer seed Farmer saved and exchange COBAMAs Local food and cash crops Sorghum, maize (OPV), sesame, cassava Local and improved varieties Informal and ‘Quality declared’ Local marketing Pubic seed enterprises Major food crops Maize, sorghum, rice, groundnut Improved varietiesCertified seed Marketing and NGO distribution Private seed companies High value crops Maize, malting sorghum, exotic vegetables Hybrid varietiesCertified seedAgro-dealers Seed relief Food crops Sorghum, maize, vegetables ‘Foreign varieties’Unknown qualityDistribution/relief

10. Example: Seed sectors in Mali Farmer saved seed Local food crops Sorghum, millets and bambara groundnut Local varietiesFarmer seed Exchange and farmer saved Community based Local food and cash crops Sorghum, maize, groundnut Improved (OPV) and local varieties ‘Quality declared’ and certified seed Local marketing Mixed sector with commercial marketing Major food crops Maize, rice, groundnut, Improved varieties (HV and OPV) Certified seedMarketing Value chain oriented sector Value chainCottonImproved varietiesCertified seedInput package

11. Assignment (1) Farmer saved seed Local seed business Public seed enterprises Private seed companies 1. Choose one country 2. Define the subsectors within the country

12. Assignment (2) Farmer saved seed Local food cropsSorghum, Teff, EnsetLocal varietiesFarmer seed Own seed and exchange, local markets 3. Define for each subsector: Type of crops Major crops Type of varieties Type of seed Seed dissemination & marketing

13. Assignment (3) Farmer saved seed 90 % Local seed business 2 % Public seed enterprises 7 % Private seed companies 1 % 4. Estimate the contribution of the subsectors (%) to the total amount of seed available within the national system

14. Assignment (3) Farmer saved seed *Seed quality *Low yielding varieties *..... Local seed business *Marketing of seed produced *Access to basic seed *..... Public seed enterprises *Only profit on specific crops *Quality maintenance in large-scale centralized operation *..... Private seed companies *Access to land *Government controlled seed pricing *..... 5. What are the main bottlenecks in the different subsectors?

15. Assignment (4) Farmer saved seedLocal seed business Public seed enterprises Private seed companies 6. What is for each subsector a strategy to overcome one major bottleneck? 7. Which stakeholder is responsible? 8. Prepare a poster for presentation and discussion in a plenary session