1. Models of Information Summary, Synthesis, and Dissemination In Clinical Medicine Sources and Organization of Evidence-based Knowledge

2. Evolution of Medical Models of Information Dissemination Information explosion Increase in expectations of EBM practice Improved access to electronic info

3. Evolution of Medical Models of Information Dissemination Market forces are driving rapid development of many new online resources to support clinical medical practice Limited public and foundation funds support public health resources

4. Comparing Info Needs in Clinical Medicine and PH Comm. Dis. Info NeedMed PH CD Emerging Outbreaks++++ Emerging Practice/Program++++ Published Studies (Best Evidence) +++++ Policies/Guidelines+++++ Established Knowledge+++++

5. Clinical Medical Information Models 1.Research Reports: Collections Summaries Critiques Commentaries 2.Reviews, meta-analyses, guidelines 3.Comprehensive knowledge sources

6. Research Reports

7. Accessing Collections of Research Reports : Search Tools and Alerts Searching MEDLINE (PubMed): –Simple search –Prepared Filters Alerts: –Tables of contents –Individualized content alerts

18. PubMed Search on Drug Resistant Salmonella united states[mh] AND (salmonella infections[majr] OR salmonella[majr]) AND drug resistance[majr] AND (prevention and control[subheading] OR prevention OR public health OR disease outbreaks OR population surveillance OR risk factors OR prospective studies OR case-control studies OR follow-up studies OR comparative study OR pilot projects OR retrospective studies OR longitudinal studies OR infection control) AND english[lang] AND human[mh]

20. Research Reports Alerts on Recently Published Literatures

34. Research Reports: Summaries, Critiques, and Commentaries Summary: Structured, reorganization of data and conclusions; just the key points Critique: Criticism of methods, interpretation of findings, conclusions Commentary: Puts findings into context of current knowledge and practice

35. Research Reports: Summaries, Critiques, and Commentaries Medical Examples: Journal Watch ACP Journal Club Annals of Internal Medicine Public health examples: Journal Watch Infectious Diseases Evidence-based Health Care

41. Evidence-based Healthcare covers the following types of studies: Evaluations of financing and organization of healthcare Evidence-based patient and public choice Health economics Health technology assessment Managing healthcare Promotion of evidence-based clinical practice Public health policy Purchasing

47. Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analyses and Evidence-Based Guidelines

48. Medical examples: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews National Guideline Clearinghouse Guide to Clinical Preventive Services Guidelines authored by medical specialty societies

49. Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analyses and Evidence-Based Guidelines Public health examples: Cochrane Public Health topic reviews National Guideline Clearinghouse Guide to Community Preventive Services CDC Prevention Guidelines System

50. Systematic Review Thorough literature review Explicit criteria for selecting studies Tables, narrative to summarize findings Conclusions acknowledge strengths, weaknesses of evidence

51. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Separate Public Health Group Standardized approach to systematic reviews Individual or institutional subscription required for access to full text About 50 reviews and many more planned

53. Cochrane Review Index (Ovid)

54. Main results: 11 trials were included with a total of 8,130 randomized participants. Preventive therapy (any anti-TB drug) versus placebo was associated with a lower incidence of active tuberculosis (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.81). This benefit was more pronounced in individuals with a positive tuberculin skin test (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.57) than in those who had a negative test (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.18.). Limited data suggest that the initial protective effect against tuberculosis may decline over the short to medium term. Efficacy was similar for all regimens (regardless of drug type, frequency or duration of treatment). However, compared to INH monotherapy, short -course multi-drug regimens were much more likely to require discontinuation of treatment due to adverse effects. Overall, there was no evidence that preventive therapy versus placebo reduced all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.06), although a favourable trend was found in people with a positive tuberculin test (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.02).

55. Conclusions: 1.Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reduces the risk of active tuberculosis in HIV positive individuals with a positive tuberculin skin test. 2.The choice of regimen will depend on factors such as cost, adverse effects, adherence and drug resistance. Future studies should assess these aspects. 3.In addition, trials evaluating the long-term effects of anti-tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis and the influence of level of immunocompromise on effectiveness are needed.

57. Meta-analysis Similar to systematic review Statistically assesses aggregated data from two or more studies to increase sample size

59. Guideline Ideally based on a systemic review Focuses on practice implications of the existing evidence Informed by expert opinion when evidence is limited Usually consensus of multiple experts Usually vetted by an organization

64. The Guide to Community Preventive Services Evaluating and making recommendations on population- based and public health interventions Reviews: Evidence on effectiveness Applicability of findings to diverse populations Intervention's other effects Economic impact Barriers to implementation of interventions

65. The Guide to Community Preventive Services T he steps for generating recommendations: 1.Searching for and retrieving evidence on effectiveness 2. Assessing the quality of and summarizing the body of evidence 3. Translating the evidence into recommendations 4. Considering information on evidence other than effectiveness 5. Identifying and summarizing research gaps.

71. CDC Recommends: The Prevention Guidelines System Over 400 documents Up-to-date guidance on many public health issues Full text or links Most published in MMWR Sophisticated search engine Limited indexing within documents

75. Comprehensive Knowledge Bases Full coverage of important and useful knowledge in one or more domains May focus on one or more types of knowledge within a domain (e.g., pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment) Fills in gaps in evidence with expert opinion Key strength: Provides answers to most/all questions asked of it by users

76. Comprehensive Knowledge Bases Formats: Hardcopies of Textbooks Electronic Books (Web or CDROM) –Direct translation of hardcopy –Original electronic texts Collections with searching across many items –Databases –Full text journals –Textbooks –Other content

77. Comprehensive Knowledge Bases Electronic Books: Direct Translation of Hardcopy

83. Comprehensive Knowledge Bases Collections With Searching Across Many Items

95. Comprehensive Knowledge Bases Original Electronic Textbooks Original content prepared and organized to facilitate rapid finds of specific information May include other databases or texts Sophisticated indexing displays and search engines Cross-referenced links within/between chapters External links to article abstracts of references, etc. Online, CDROM, PDA ACP Pier Online, eMedicine, Harrison's Online, Praxis MD, Sci. Am. Med., UpToDate

96. UpToDate: Comp. Knowledge Base Example Topics: Adult Primary Care, Cardiology, Drug Information Endocrinology, Family Practice, Gastroenterology, Gynecology, Hematology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, Nephrology, Obstetrics, Oncology, Pulmonology, Rheumatology, Women's Health In Development : Allergy/Immunology, Neurology, Pediatrics

97. UpToDate: Comp. Knowledge Base Example Initial cards created by consulting staff of >7000 content experts In some cases review by practitioners Extensive editing for consistency by in-house staff of physicians and editors Monthly review of 300 key journals by in-house staff Content experts receive any important new studies and must update their card/s Authors/editors encouraged to use evidence-based methodologies and cite high quality references but no specific evidence criteria

101. UpToDate

102. Bulletins, News Reports, Program Reports Information often hot off the presses Disseminated by Email as individual or collected items Often Selected, organized and edited May be collected on websites

103. Bulletins, News Reports, Program Reports: Examples TB-related News and Journal Items Weekly Update CDC HIV/STD/TB Prevention News Update Epi-X reports of outbreaks Pro-Med Mail reports of outbreaks

104. Bulletins, News Reports, Program Reports: Strengths and Weaknesses Timely information, rapidly disseminated Multiple sources Limited structure, organization, and indexing May be provided in large amounts with limited or no means to locate relevant information (User must browse)

105. Bulletins, News Reports, Program Reports: Options Service to filter, sort, organize and index content in emails and on websites to improve efficiency of access to relevant information