1. Disease and Body Responses

2. Disease Our world is full of all kinds of microorganisms, called pathogens, that cause disease Diseases can be mildly uncomfortable, hinder normal functioning or even cause death

3. Types of Pathogens Viruses Bacteria Parasites

4. Viral Diseases Common Cold Influenza (Flu) West Nile Virus Chicken Pox HIV Can you think of any others?

5. Bacterial Diseases Cholera Tetanus Pneumonia Tuberculosis Bubonic Plague Lyme Disease Others?

6. Diseases Caused By Parasites Malaria Dysentery Typhus Chagas Disease Others?

7. Disease Diseases harm our bodies by disrupting homeostasis What is homeostasis?

8. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the state of balance in the body Your body works to maintain homeostasis by responding to various stimuli

9. Stimuli Stimuli can come in both internal and external forms An internal stimulus is one that comes from within the body while an external stimulus comes from the environment

10. Examples of Stimuli Internal –Hunger/Thirst –pH Levels –Electrolyte concentrations –Blood sugar levels External –A pinch on the arm –Temperature –Atmospheric oxygen levels –Toxins –Light –Pathogens entering the body (Diseases)

11. Let’s Look at an Example Your body has a certain desired amount of glucose that it needs in its system at any given time If your body detects an imbalance in these blood glucose levels, an organ called the pancreas responds by releasing two hormones, insulin and glucagon, to bring it back to the proper level

12. Example Cont. If for any reason the pancreas is unable to produce enough of either of these hormones, diabetes can result

13. Ways the Human Body Responds to Infection Runny Nose Fatigue Fever Nausea Vomiting

14. Runny Nose Normally, your nose makes mucus to keep things like dirt, pollen and germs out of your lungs When you’re sick, you get a runny nose because your body is trying to keep more pathogens from getting in by making a lot more mucus than usual

15. Fatigue Often when an infection sets in, the body wants to conserve as much energy as possible The feeling of fatigue makes you want to rest and sleep, reserving energy for your body to fight off pathogens, the disease-causing agents

16. Fever Most disease-causing pathogens function very well at normal body temperatures By increasing your body temperature with a fever, your body is trying to hinder the pathogen’s reproduction

17. Nausea and Vomiting Sometimes sickness is caused by eating contaminated food (also spoiled food and toxins). To keep you from ingesting more of what could be causing your illness, you feel nausea. Vomiting is an attempt to get rid of the source of your illness

18. Anatomy of Vomiting Increased salivation to protect the enamel coating of your teeth from stomach acids. The middle of your small intestine contracts, followed by your abdominal muscles which pushes the stomach contents into your esophagus. Increased heart rate and sweating occurs. The brain has a center for controlling your body’s reaction.

19. Other Body Responses Our bodies respond to more than just diseases. Other common responses: –Shortness of breath –Changes in pulse rate –Shivering –Feeling hungry What is each of these responses there for? What does it accomplish?

20. Other body responses Think about what happens when you exercise Muscles need oxygen, and they make CO 2 as waste. When they are being worked, the levels of oxygen and CO 2 in the bloodstream are thrown off balance To get more oxygen to the muscles and carry away the CO 2, the brain knows to increase breathing and pulse rates

21. Other Body Responses During heart failure, the heart isn’t pumping enough blood To compensate, the body response is: –Blood vessels constrict –Blood pressure increases –Tissues retain more water and sodium –Heart enlarges