1. Accurately mapping unburned areas using time- sequenced airborne imaging Robert Kremens 1, Anthony Bova 2, Matthew Dickenson 2, Jason Faulring 1 1 Rochester Institute of Technology 2 USDA Forest Service Northeast Research Station

2. ABSTRACT We have used a multi-band infrared camera (WASP) to generate unburned fuel maps for prescribed fires. We over fly the fire for the entire duration of the event, with a sampling time of 5 to 10 minutes. The infrared flux calculated from many frames is integrated, the areas showing insignificant flux above background being marked as unburned. We present examples from a prescribed fire in Ohio and show the correlation between airborne data and ground observations, and also present data for ground based in-fire IR flux/weather stations. Plans for future experiments will be discussed.

3. Introduction Determining the scale and patterns of unburned and heat- affected areas is laborious Field methods may be inaccurate – can’t sample entire fireground Single overhead images are snapshots of an instant in the time history of the fire and cannot be used to accurately determine the spatial extent of the entire fire Post-fire overhead visible or near-infrared images require sophisticated processing to determine the spatial extent of the fire Time-series infrared images captured over the complete course of the fire can determine the total heat released We can construct a map, at minimum, of burned (threshold heat) vs. unburned (no heat) areas

4. Method 1.Use a multi-band airborne IR camera (WASP 1 ) to generate a time-resolved thermal image/map 2.Each frame captures the instantaneous flux emitted from the fire at ~ 5 minute time intervals 3.Flux from each point on the image (geographic location) is integrated to produce an (uncalibrated) flux measurement 4.Comparison is made with ground-based IR flux/ weather stations 2,3 to calibrate the image and remove the effects of atmospheric and smoke/haze absorption 5.Areas of the fire ground above a threshold flux value are marked as ‘burned’, the remaining areas marked as ‘unburned’ 6.Comparison is made with extensive field sampling of fuel consumption and visual post-burn condition

5. An image of the WASP airborne sensor mounted in the aircraft The ground based IR flux-weather stations used to calibrate the airborne sensor and obtain in-fire weather data for fire behavior calculations

6. Five image sequence from prescribed fire in Vinton Furnace OH (1m pixels) Images centered on a flux-weather station Line ignition from top and bottom Fire coalesces on sensor package near center of image Time resolved flux measured from image and flux-WX station

7. The ground sensors were used to absolutely calibrate the airborne images.

8. Fire intensity/severity map from time integral of 14 exposure sequence White – highest intensity, green - lowest intensity

9. Low fire severity (> 25kW/m 2 )

10. Moderate fire severity (> 45kW/m 2 )

11. High fire severity (> 85kw/m 2 )

12. Fire/no fire map from time integral of a 14 exposure sequence White – fire, black – no fire

13. Ground truth and airborne ‘no fire’ data agree on 7 of 9 cases

14. Airborne imaging achieved nearly 80% agreement with ground stations for unburned regions ‘Missed’ plots probably caused by errors in GPS ground locations and pointing inaccuracy of IMU on aircraft Currently measuring accuracy of WASP system relative to known ground points DEM limits horizontal accuracy in hilly terrain Will reanalyze airborne data when better DEM becomes available

15. Conclusions Obtained proof of the utility of time-sequenced images for rapidly obtaining burned/unburned area maps Developed in-fire calibration techniques for overhead IR imagery using fire resistant data loggers Achieved 78% accuracy with ground truth –Missed points are within ~ 10 m of an unburned area –This is well within the combined error of the image georectification accuracy and GPS accuracy (used to locate the ground truth stations) Need further experiments to validate fire severity map data product using this technique

16. References: 1.WASP- A high performance, multi-spectral airborne imager for wildland fire detection, R. Kremens, D. McKeown, J. Cockburn, J. Faulring, D. Morse, H. Rhody, M. Richardson, presented at the 2 nd International Wildland Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress, Orlando, Fl, November 2003 2.Autonomous field-deployable wildland fire sensors, R. Kremens, J. Faulring, A. Gallagher, A. Seema, A. Vodacek, Int. J. of Wildland Fire, 12, 237-244 (2003) 3.Measurement of the time-temperature and emissivity history of the burn scar for remote sensing applications, R. Kremens, J. Faulring, C. Hardy, presented at the 2 nd International Wildland Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress, Orlando, Fl, November 2003 Contact Information Robert Kremens Rochester Institute of Technology 54 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester NY 14623 585.475.7286 kremens@cis.rit.edu