1. FTS Measurements for Constraining the Australian Carbon Cycle Nicholas Deutscher 1,2, Rachel Law 1, David Griffith 2 and Glenn Bryant 2 Outline: My PhD Plan 1 CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria 3195 2 Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522

2. My PhD Project Aim: to better understand the Australian carbon cycle; and to provide constraints to estimates of Australian carbon fluxes. How? – Using: FTS atmospheric trace gas measurements; and Inverse atmospheric modelling

3. Background – Why Australia? Well… Also: – Unique habitat and conditions – Few measurements – Large Savanna biomass burning region Northern Territory/North Western Australia

5. Existing atmospheric measurements Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station – Continuous CO 2, 13 CO 2 – CH 4, CO, N 2 O Flux Towers – Howard Springs – Cape Tribulation – Burdekin – Virginia Park – Janina – Tumbarumba – Maroondah Solar FTIR remote sensing – Wollongong In-situ FTIR – Aspendale – Field campaigns Jenolan Caves Kyabram Tumbarumba Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station – Continuous CO 2, 13 CO 2 – CH 4, CO, N 2 O

6. Forthcoming… Global – OCO Satellite Other more localised measurements – In situ FTIR

7. OCO Satellite Program Overview – Orbiting Carbon Observatory – US-based (JPL-NASA) – Dedicated global CO 2 mapping – 3 parts 1. Satellite measurements 2. Ground-based validation measurements 3. Inverse modelling

8. OCO – Validation Measurements (1) Network of ground-based sites – Arrival Heights, Antarctica78° Supgrade – Lauder, New Zealand 45° Supgrade – Wollongong, Australia34° Snew – Darwin, Australia 12° Snew – Mauna Loa 20° Nupgrade – Southern Great Plains, OK 36° Nupgrade – Harvard Forest 42° Nnew – Park Falls 46° Nnew – Bremen 53° Nexisting – Poker Flat 65° Nupgrade – Ny Alesund 79° Nexisting Continuous in situ CO 2 measurements by instrument traceable to CMDL standard (e.g. Li-Cor infrared analyzer) Ancillary measurements of cloud, aerosol, radiation, and standard meteorological variables

9. OCO – Validation Measurements (2) Major validation – ground-based solar FTS – Bruker 125HR (or equivalent) – Hi-resolution (0.02cm -1 ) FTNIR spectra (3500-15798cm -1 )

10. More localised measurements In-situ FTIR (OOOFTI) Continuous data – Including night time Multi-species - CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O, 13 CO 2 ~0.1% (0.3ppmv) precision CO 2 Co-located with OCO ground validation – Darwin – Lauder (trial currently underway) Ghan railway (Adelaide to Darwin) An OOOFTI in Kyabram

11. My PhD Plan of action 1. Inverse modelling (1) Planned measurements to determine their value 2. FTS Measurements 3. Inverse modelling (2) Incorporate real measurements to determine source estimates

12. Modelling (1) – Test phase – Forward atmospheric transport model (CCAM) Generate synthetic data representative of the planned measurement strategy – Time Dependent Inverse (TDI) model Test value of additional measurements in determining sources and uncertainties when added to a standard existing network – CO 2 only (currently) – Background site network CMDL/NOAA flask sites – monthly averaged Continuous Cape Grim synthetic data – Additional sites (separately, combined) Darwin Alice Springs Ghan Railway

13. Modelling Results Uncertainty improvement - Darwin + basic network

14. Uncertainty improvement - Ghan railway + basic network Ghan Railway Ghan railwayDarwin

15. Darwin & Ghan Uncertainty improvement - Darwin AND Ghan Railway + basic network

16. Where to now? Further investigate measurement strategies – Frequency of Ghan measurements – Combinations of sites – Indian-Pacific railway Multi-species inversions – Use CH 4, CO data as well as CO 2 Using column measurements Measurements – Lauder – Darwin – Ghan railway Model the measurements – Australian carbon cycle information