1. تهيه كننده : علي برادران هاشمي گارگاه کامپیوتر History!

2. 2 A Computer is a device that is capable of solving problems or manipulating data by accepting data as input, performing prescribed operations both mathematical and logical on the data, and then supplying the results of these operations. A Computer (Computer System) denotes a set of computer hardware and computer software that is used as a single unit. Computer Definition

3. 3 First Generation (1940s to 1959): Vacuum tubes Second Generation (1950s-65): Transistors Third Generation (late 1950s -71): Integrated Circuits Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Fifth Generation (1981-2000): VLSI Japanese 5th-Generation Computer Project Sixth Generation (From 1980s): Artificial Neural Networks Computer History

4. 4 Mostly hard wired vacuum tube machines 1 user and 1 task different binary-coded program called a machine language Pre-Operating System ENIAC 1 st Generation Computing (1945-1955) IBM 709 (IBM's first generation of big scientific vacuum tube computers –1959)

5. 5 Electronic Numeral Integrator And Computer University of Pennsylvania Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints 160 kilowatts !! general-purpose computer Instructions and Data both in memory. Von Neumann Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) designed by Von NeumannEDVAC ENIAC

6. 6 First Computer Bug

7. 7 1955 introduced the transistor Introduction of separation of system designers and operators Punched card era Magnetic tapes Introduction of batch systems Minimal Operating System tasks system compilers system loaders 2 nd Generation Computing (1955-1965)

8. 8 IBM 7094IBM 1401

9. 9 2 nd Generation Computing (1955-1965) Early Batch System Operation

10. 10 2 nd Generation Computing (1955-1965) Programmer produced punched card collection (PCC) Multiple PCC’s were transferred to tape Tape was run on mainframe Output printed after all jobs complete

11. 11 Integrated Circuit (IC) (1958) Integrated Circuit (IC) semiconductor Introduction of basic OS concepts Monitor and keyboard Magnetic disk Birth of Unix Move to standardized hardware Multiprogramming gained over batch multiple jobs in memory at the same time Becoming smaller & more general purpose multiple jobs in memory at the same time Most computing done on Mainframes birth of the minicomputer (e.g. DEC PDP-11) 3rd Generation Computing (1965-1980)

12. 12 3rd Generation Computing (1965-1980) Cray 23Cray 29

13. 13 3rd Generation Computing (1965-1980) IBM System 360 (360 degrees) Standard data format

14. 14 3rd Generation Computing (1965-1980) Multiprogramming many jobs in memory at once scheduling became important (1 CPU)

15. 15 4th Generation Computing (1980 - Present) go down - in size very large scale integration (VLSI) Growth of the microcomputer (PC) Widespread use of general purpose single user systems Timesharing and GUI environments Introduction of DOS IBM PC 1

16. 16 DOS originally produce by Tim Paterson at Seattle Computer Products bought then modified by Bill Gates and Tim Paterson to become MS-DOS added BASIC packaged with IBM ’ s PC 1 Lead to the development of Windows in 1985 4th Generation Computing (1980 - Present)

17. 17 4th Generation Computing (1980 - Present) ASCI White Most powerful computing platform ever built! 12.3 TeraOps (12,300,000,000,000 operations per second)

18. 18 Computers are electronic devices that process information. Keys : 1. Data -> Operands 2. Instructions or Operations -> Operators What is a Computer?

19. 19 Flexibility (general or special purpose) Purpose (scientific, business ) Power MIPS (Millions Instructions Per Seconds) MFLOPS (Mega Floating-point Operations Per Second) Computer classifications

20. 20 Classification by size 1.Supercomputers 2.Mainframes 3.Workstations 4.Microcomputers 5.Microcontrollers

21. 21 priced from $500,000 to more than $85 million thousands of processors CRAY-1, CRAY-2, CRAY-3 Switching time Heat Supercomputers IBM ASCI White

22. 22 cost $5000 - $5 million vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on their use Terminal : means often used to access a mainframe a display screen and a keyboard No process Price Special requirements (power, air- conditioning) Mainframes VP2400 mainframe

23. 23 Mini Computers Multi user but usually as dedicated computer DEC, IBM, HP Workstations expensive, powerful computers usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and CAD/CAM Mini computers and Work Stations

24. 24 Also called personal computers Cost $500 - $5000 Laptop computers Micro Computers Sony tower PC

25. 25 PDA - also called handheld computers or palmtops personal organization tools schedule planners, address books to-do lists--with send e-mail and faxes. Well-known makers of PDAs include Palm, Handspring, Sony, and Compaq. Micro Computers

26. 26 also called embedded computers. Tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “ smart ” appliances and automobiles. Micro controllers

27. 27 Hardware All the machinery and equipment in a computer system Software All the instructions (programs) that tell the computer how to perform a task The most important definition Software/Hardware

28. 28 Computer Hardware The collection of equipment (keyboard, screen, printer, diskette drive, hard disk drive, central processing unite, memory and so on) along with all of the components that connect these equipment together. Computer Software All programs (operation system, application software, operating environment) that govern the operation of computer and make the hardware run. Software/Hardware (Another def.)

29. 29 1. Input 2. Processing 3. Storage 4. Output 5. Communications basic operations Keyboard Mouse

30. 30 Processing the manipulation a computer does to transform data into information. Case or system cabinet – the box that houses the processor chip (CPU), the memory chips, the motherboard with power supply some secondary storage devices. iMac !? Processing Case

31. 31 Processor chip – A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits. Also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Also known as RAM (Random Access Memory). Represent primary storage or temporary storage. Hold data before processing and information after processing. Processing Cont. Memory chips

32. 32

33. 33 Primary storage (memory) Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed Secondary storage (storage) The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently Storage

34. 34 Byte - 1 character of data Kilobyte - 1024 characters Megabyte - 1024 KBytes Gigabyte - 1024 MBytes Terabyte - 1024 GBytes Storage Cont.

35. 35 Floppy-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch- diameter diskettes. Zip-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on floppy-disk cartridges with 70-170 times the capacity of the standard floppy. Storage Cont. Zip disk Floppy disk

36. 36 Hard-disk drive - a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a nonremovable disk. Storage Cont. Hard-disk drive

37. 37 CD (Compact Disk) drive DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks. Storage Cont.

38. 38 Output hardware devices which translate info processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand. Peripheral device any component or piece of equipment that expands a computer ’ s input, storage, and output capabilities. Sound card enhances the computer ’ s sound- generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers. Outputs

39. 39 Monitor - the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen. Printer - an output device that produces text and graphics on paper. Outputs Cont.

40. 40 Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers. Outputs Cont.

41. 41 Put all the hardware together and …

42. 42 Any Question?