1. Evaluation of usability tests

2. Why evaluate? 1. choose the most suitable data- collection techniques 2. identify methodological strength and weaknesses of a user test

3. Evaluation Criteria for data-collection techniques Utility how useful are the data? Costs resources needed? Objectivity how much subjective judgement is involved? Level of detail is the amount and resolution of the data suitable? Intrusiveness does the method interfere with the user’s performance?

4. Observations in real time Strengths: Level of detail: Allows you to experience the context in which performance takes place Weaknesses: Level of detail: Difficult to keep up with the pace of the user Objective: Based on your own subjective judgement as an observer

5. Observations from video Strengths: Utility: Allows you to conduct detailed analysis of various usability attributes Utility: Can obtain data about the user’s reasoning (”Think-aloud”) Weaknesses: Costs: Time consuming Utility: Lots of data not being used Intrusiveness: ”Think- aloud” may disturb the user

6. Observations: Real time or Video? Real timeVideo ContextProduct Context Level of detail

7. Event logs Strengths: Objective: The data are collected automatically Costs: Automated data collection requires little effort from the test team Weaknesses: Level of detail: Both the amount of data and the resolution can be too high Utility: It can be difficult to create useful measures

8. http://zing.ncsl.nist.gov/WebTools/VisVIP/overview.html

9. Questionnaire, self-made Strengths: Level of detail: Can be tailored to fit the purpose of the test Utility: Can be used in several setting with different products Costs: It doesn’t take long time to develop Weaknesses: Objectivity: Based on subjective judgement Utility: Difficult to construct good items

10. Questionnaire, validated Strengths: Utility: Can be used in several setting with different products Costs: the data are typically easy to transform into measures Weaknesses: Level of detail: Validated questionnaires may not address the features of the interface you are interested in. Objectivity: based on subjective judgement

11. Summary data-collection techniques The assessment concern MEASURES and not use/problem descriptions; ++ = very good; + = good; - = not so good; -- = poor

12. …Use/problem descriptions Observation and Interviews are the most suitable data- collection techniques for use/problem descriptions

13. Evaluation of measures The evaluation criteria of the data-collection techniques Validitity Reliability

14. Validity Do you measure what you believe you measure?

15. Reliability Do you obtain the same results when you measure the same thing during similar conditions at different points in time?

16. Relationship between Validity & Reliability Evaluating the validity of a measure is primarily based on subjective judgement, while reliability is typically evaluated by means of statistics It is possible to obtain reliable results that are invalid, but not unreliable results that are valid!

17. How can you avoid invalid results?  Use several measures!  Triangulation  Multiple operationalism

18. Ethical issues  Be well prepared - act professionally!  Create a script  Introduction  During test  Debriefing  Create a consent form

19. Ethical issues  The product is being tested, not the user!  Respectful treatment: preserve integrity  Informed consent  Inform the user what will happen, how the collected data will be used etc.  Make sure the user understands and agrees  The user may leave whenever she/he wants  Confidentiality

20. Types of measures Experience-attitude Performance Cognitive

21. Experience-attitude Strengths: Utility: Can address most usability attributes Validity: User-centered; we ask for the user’s opinions Weaknesses: Validity/Objectivity: based on the user’s subjective judgement

22. Performance: completeness Strengths: Utility: Can be used for most tasks and in different settings Cost-effective: Quite easy to create a list of activities Weaknesses: Validity/reliability: The user may choose a solution path you didn’t think of, but that nevertheless is satisfactory Validity(senitivity): Ceiling or flooring effects: the task is too easy or too difficult

23. Summary of measures ++ = very good; + = good; - = not so good; -- = poor

24. Relation between data-collection techniques and measures ++ = very good; + = good; - = not so good; -- = poor

25. Relation between data-collection techniques and measures Measure Data-collection technique Practicle limitations Purpose of test